ACC和IP_3对月季花发育过程中细胞质Ca~(2 )浓度的影响 (英)

采摘现蕾、初开、萎蔫和脱落期月季花花瓣,纯化原生质体。利用Ca2 荧光指示剂Fura－2－AM,分别用SpexF212Fluorolog和数字分析系统,建立了植物细胞胞质自由Ca 浓度的测定技术。结果表明,月季花现蕾、初开、萎蔫和脱落时期,胞质Ca2 浓度分别为8、62、12和15nmol／L,花开放时刻,[Ca2 ]c有一个突然升高,然后又回到静息态。ACC1mmol／L处理,使[Ca2 ]c迅速增高,并促进花的开放。推测胞内静息态Ca2 浓度为8～15nmol／L,[Ca2 ]c改变控制着花的开放运动;但是衰老期[Ca2 ]c没有增加,可能由于衰老是一个缓慢过程,[Ca2 ]c增加只发生在衰老的启始阶段。IP33．6μmol／L处理原生质体,可降低[Ca2 ]c,钙通道阻塞剂La3 阻止这种降低,IP3可能作用于质膜上的Ca2 通道。因此,膜磷脂代谢在胞内钙稳态控制中起着重要作用。     

Taxonomic implications for diaptomid copepods based on contrasting patterns of mitochondrial DNA sequence divergences in four morphospecies

Morphological identification methods do not provide reliable and meaningful species identifications for taxa where morphological differences among distinct species are either absent or overlooked (i.e., cryptic species). For example, due to the minute nature of the morphological characters used to delineate diaptomid copepod species and the apparent potential for copepod speciation to occur with little or no morphological change (i.e., morphological stasis), morphological identifications of diaptomid species may not adequately capture their true species diversity. Here, we present results from a geographic survey of mtDNA sequences from populations across the geographic ranges of four North American diaptomid species—Leptodiaptomus minutus, Skistodiaptomus pallidus, Skistodiaptomus reighardi, and Onychodiaptomus sanguineus. Shallow mitochondrial DNA sequence divergences (maximum of 1.1%) among haplotypes of L. minutus from across its geographic range suggest that current morphological identification techniques reliably identify this species. In contrast, we found large mitochondrial DNA sequence divergences (14–22%) among populations within the currently recognized morphospecies of S. pallidus, S. reighardi, and O. sanguineus. However, pairwise sequence divergences within four distinct S. pallidus clades and within populations of S. reighardi and O. sanguineus were similarly low (maximum of 1.5%) as found within L. minutus as a whole. Thus, the S. pallidus, S. reighardi, and O. sanguineus morphospecies may be considered best as cryptic species complexes. Our study therefore indicates that morphological identifications, while sufficient for some species, likely underestimate the true species diversity of diaptomid copepods. As such, we stress the need for extensive taxonomic revision that integrates genetic, morphological, reproductive, and ecological analyses of this diverse and important group of freshwater zooplankton. Furthermore, we believe an extensive taxonomic revision will shed important insight into major questions regarding the roles of geography, phylogeny, and habitat on the frequency of cryptic species on earth. Handling editor: S. I. Dodson     

金花茶组植物花色与细胞内重要环境因子的关系

为研究金花茶组植物花色与细胞内重要环境因子的关系,该研究以花色不同的8个金花茶组物种的9个居群为材料,测定了其花瓣的颜色、总黄酮含量、含水量、细胞pH、7种金属离子浓度。结果表明:所测金花茶组植物的花色平均明度L~*为80.82、色相a~*为-2.88、色相b~*为53.97、彩度C~*为54.10、色相角h为93.19°,故金花茶花色为明度较亮的黄色,其中色相b~*为描述黄色的主要指标,据此可将所测植物分为金黄、黄、浅黄3类。花瓣总黄酮含量为20.17%,花瓣含水量为88.14%,物种间均达到差异显著,且均与花色呈弱相关,对黄色呈现影响较小。花瓣细胞偏弱酸性,pH平均值为6.19,不同物种间差异显著,细胞pH与花色呈显著正相关,即中偏弱酸性细胞环境有利于金花茶花瓣黄色的呈现。金属离子浓度中,K~+含量最高(12.61 mg·g~(-1)),其他依次为Ca2+(3.91 mg·g~(-1))、Mg~(2+)(1.28 mg·g~(-1))、Al~(3+)(0.98 mg·g~(-1))、Na~+(0.17mg·g~(-1))、Fe~(3+)(0.07 mg·g~(-1)),Cu~(2+)含量最低(0.003 8 mg·g~(-1)),7种金属离子在所测植物间均存在显著差异,其中Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)和Ca~(2+)对金花茶黄色花的形成具有不同程度的干扰作用,随着这3种金属离子浓度升高,黄度降低,花色变淡。因此,较低浓度的Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)、Ca~(2+)可能更有利于金花茶黄色花的呈现。     

Ethylene and indole-3-Acetic Acid participate in the in-rolling and opening of carnation petal segments

We have examined the inward-rolling and outward-opening of petals from 90° stage carnation flowers (Dianthus charyophyllus L. cv. Pink Donor). Ethylene released from 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) induced in-rolling in the lower portions of the petals while that action was suppressed by an inhibitor of auxin transport. Another plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), intensified this ethylene-induced in-rolling. In contrast, when ethylene was not applied, the same IAA concentration promoted the opening of petal segments. Our data suggest that a low level of ethylene acts on IAA-induced opening. Likewise, we can speculate that endogenous concentrations of ethylene could be an important determinant of petal responses that involve interactions between ethylene and IAA.     

大岩桐花瓣切块离体培养高频率花芽再生

该文报道了大岩桐花瓣切块离体培养再生花现象,花瓣切块再生花有两种方式：一种是仅再生花芽（命名为BF）;另一种是既再生花芽也再生营养芽（命名为BF＋V）。花芽再生的能力与光照、花芽大小及培养基中赤霉素和细胞分裂素浓度紧密相关。当培养基中含有1.0 mg/L GA3时,BA的添加会显著增加总花芽（BF＋BF＋V）的形成率,添加0.5 mg/L BA时,总花芽形成率达100%。在暗中培养时,BF达93.4%。不同大小花芽的花瓣再生花的能力不同,7 mm直径花芽的BF最高,达86.7%。同时,对花芽再生过程中花瓣切块的组织结构形态变化也进行了观察。     

Elaborate petals in Australian Spermacoce (Rubiaceae) species: morphology, ontogeny and function

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Australian Spermacoce species display various types of elaborate petals. Their precise morphology, ontogenetic origin, and function are hitherto unknown. The aim of the present paper is to unravel the development and nature of the diverse types of elaborate petals in Spermacoce through a floral ontogenetic study. METHODS: The floral ontogeny of six species characterized by different types of corolla appendages was studied by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. In order to elucidate the possible functions of the elaborate petals, field observations were conducted as well. KEY RESULTS: Scanning electronmicrographs show that full-grown petals of Spermacoce lignosa, S. phaeosperma and S. redacta bear appendages on their ventral side. Despite their different appearance at anthesis, the appendages develop very similarly in all three species. They are initiated at the same developmental stage and are first visible as two arcs of primordia converging from the upper margins of the petal towards its midvein and downwards. In S. brevidens, S. caudata and S. erectiloba, the full-grown petals have two long, concave protuberances, which develop from the tissue at both sides of the petal's mid-vein. In these three species, initiation of appendages on the ventral side of the petals is also observed, but they are hardly visible on the mature petals. The two types of elaborate petals tightly enclose the anthers, both in bud and during most of the flowering period. CONCLUSIONS: Among Australian Spermacoce species, two types of elaborate petals can be distinguished. The former hypothesis that the two types of elaborate petals are essentially homologous is here rejected. Field investigations point out that the elaborate petals might play a role in the pollination biology of the species.     

Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of rDNA of appendaged and non-appendaged strains of Microsporum gypseum reveals Microsporum appendiculatum as its synonym

Recently a new taxon of geophilic dermatophytes was established as Microsporum appendiculatum Bhat and Mariam, based on the presence of appendaged macroconidia. However, such appendages are already known in the related species Microsporum gypseum. We conducted a survey of soil in central India as a part of a microbial biodiversity project and obtained two strains of M. gypseum with appendaged macroconidia. Using phenotypical characterization in combination with sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, we found that all strains of appendaged species are identical. Therefore M. appendiculatum is regarded as a synonym of M. gypseum.     

SPECIALIZED APPENDAGES ON SPERMATIA FROM THE RED ALGA AGLAOTHAMNION NEGLECTUM (CERAMIALES,CERAMIACEAE) SPECIFICALLY BIND WITH TRICHOGYNES1

Spermatia from Aglaothamnion neglectum Feldmann-Mazoyer specifically bind with trichogynes and hairs of female thalli, One of the functions of hairs on female thalli appears to be the catching of spermatia. Fertilization can occur if a spermatium binds first with a hair and then binds with a trichogyne. The binding of spermatia with trichogynes is not species specific, but only occurs beween closely related species. Spermatia have fimbriate coneshaped appendages projecting from each end that are responsible for initial binding with trichogynes.     

Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)

Morphological differences among groups of the 24 trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis (Ishikawa, 1895) and differences between males and females are described and illustrated. A setose attenuate lobe located proximally near enditic lobe 1 and a discoid lobe covered with small setae proximal to enditic lobe 1 are newly described. The five ventral enditic lobes, endopod, exopod, and dorsal exite of traditional spinicaudatan morphology are redescribed. Trunk limbs 1–4 of females bear a palp on enditic lobe 5 and trunk limbs 1–15 of males bear a similar palp. A second, articulating palp is associated with the base of the endopod of trunk limbs 1–2 of males. The proximal part of trunk limbs 19–24, bearing enditic lobe 1, articulates by an arthrodial membrane with the remainder of the limb, and the exite is distal to this arthrodial membrane. Development of trunk limbs, ascertained through an examination of early juvenile instars of Leptestheria kawachiensis Uéno, 1927, includes an asetose limb followed in time by a series of setose limbs that increase in morphological complexity with age. The number of lobes on the asetose limb varies from seven (corresponding to five enditic lobes, an endopod, and an exopod) on anterior limbs to five on trunk limb 24, which lacks the lobes corresponding to enditic lobe 4 and the endopod; these two structures are added later to setose limbs. The attenuate lobe, the discoid lobe, the exite of all trunk limbs, and the palps of the anterior trunk limbs are added to the setose limbs. Development of anterior limbs is accelerated relative to that of posterior limbs, and development of the more posterior limbs is truncated relative to that of limbs immediately anterior to them. Enditic lobe 4 and the endopod of limbs like trunk limb 24 develop from, or are patterned by, enditic lobe 5; the articulating palp of male trunk limbs 1–2 also may be added in this way. A comparison of these observations with development of the copepod maxilliped suggests that the spinicaudatan trunk limb is composed of a praecoxa with three lobes, a coxa and a basis each with one lobe, and an endopod of three segments in females and four in males. This is similar to the homology scheme previously proposed by Hansen in 1925. A critique is given of attempts to homologize parts of arthropod limbs based on developmental gene expression patterns. Stenopodal to phyllopodal transformations of maxillipeds in copepods provide a model at least partly applicable to spinicaudatans, and a ‘multibranched’ interpretation of spinicaudatan (and by extension branchiopodan) limb morphology is rejected. There is nothing intrinsic to the structure of the adult trunk limbs suggesting that they are similar to the adult limbs of the ancestral branchiopod or the ancestral crustacean, but early developmental steps of more posterior limbs are good matches for the morphology of an ancestral crustacean biramal limb predicted by a hypothesis of duplication of the proximo‐distal axis. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 139 , 547–564. No claim to original US government works.