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21.
Involvement of lignocellulolytic enzymes in the decomposition of leaf litter in a subtropical forest
Hao JJ Tian XJ Song FQ He XB Zhang ZJ Zhang P 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》2006,53(3):193-198
The involvement of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, such as laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), and filter paper activity (FPA), in the decomposition process of leaf litter driven by 6 soil-inhabiting fungi imperfecti was studied under solid-state fermentations. All the tested fungi exhibited varied production profiles of lignocellulolytic enzymes and each caused different losses in total organic matter (TOM) during decomposition. Based on the results, the 6 fungi could be divided into 2 functional groups: Group 1 includes Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Acremonium sp., and Trichoderma sp., and Group 2 includes Pestalotiopsis sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus. Group 1, with higher CMCase and FPA activities, showed a higher decomposition rate than the fungi of Group 2 over the first 16 d, and thereafter the cellulolytic activities and decomposition rate slowed down. Group 2 showed the maximum and significantly higher CMCase and FPA activities than those of the Group 1 fungi during the later days. This, combined with the much higher laccase activity, produced a synergistic reaction that led to a much faster average mass loss rate. These results suggest that the fungi of Group 1 are efficient decomposers of cellulose and that the fungi of Group 2 are efficient decomposers of lignocellulose. During cultivation, Pestalotiopsis sp. produced an appreciable amount of laccase activity (0.56+/-0.09 U/ml) without the addition of inducers and caused a loss in TOM of 38.2%+/-3.0%, suggesting that it has high potential to be a new efficient laccase-producing fungus. 相似文献
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C. Benito C. Zaragoza F. J. Gallego A. de la Peña A. M. Figueiras 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1991,82(1):112-116
Summary The segregation of isozymic loci for leaf peroxidases (L2Per) has been investigated in backcrosses and F2 offspring of rye lines having purple seeds (Ps) and monstrosum ears (mo). The Ps, L2Per-3b, mo, and L2Per-2 loci were linked. The Ps and mo loci have been previously located on the 2R chromosome, and the L2Per-3b and L2Per-2 loci have been located on the 2RS chromosome arm. The results favor the gene order Ps ... L2Per-3b ... mo ... L2Per-2 or Ps ... mo... L2Per-3b ... L2Per-2. The position of the loci relative to the centromere is still not known, but the obtained results suggest that the mo locus could be located on the 2RS chromosome arm. On the basis of previously reported linkage groups, the most probable arrangement of the loci located on chromosome 2R is: dw2 ... Ps ... (L2Per-3a ... L2Per-3b ... mo) ... L2Per-2. It has not been possible to know the position of L2Per-4 loci (also located on 2RS chromosome arm) relative to L2Per-3a and L2Per-3b loci. 相似文献
25.
Meira Ziv 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1991,27(2):64-69
Summary Vitrification-Hyperhydrous shoot development, effects the survival and quality of several micropropagated plants ex-vitro.
The leaves which are the immediate organ to be affected, exhibit abnormal morphology and physiology. Leaf malfunction is apparently
a stress response to very rich media and high relative humidity. The understanding of the underlying mechanism of vitrification
and its control in vitro can contribute to a more efficient micropropagation. Vitrification was found to be associated with
elevated ethylene production which was related to hypolignification and poor cell wall development. Liquid and low agar media
induced callose formation along with reduced and disoriented cellulose biosynthesis, manifested also in non-functioning guard
cells. Malfunctioning stomata, in addition to defective cuticle contributed to increased transpiration and desiccation of
in vitro formed leaves. The activity of various enzymes, associated with cell wall synthesis, was low and total proteins in
normal leaves was higher than in vitreous ones. Various measures were found to reduce vitrification; lowered matrix and water
potential in the medium, reduction in RH, low NH
4
+
, changes in Ca++ levels and the removal of ethylene. These measures improved leaf morphogenesis, survival and the quality of several micropropagated
plant species.
Presented in the Session-in-Depth Transition of Plants From Culture to Establishment In Vivo,“ at the 41st Annual Meeting
of the Tissue Culture Association, Houston, Texas, June 10–13, 1990. 相似文献
26.
Qayyum Husain 《Critical reviews in biotechnology》2013,33(4):201-221
ABSTRACTRecently, the enzymatic approach has attracted much interest in the decolorization/degradation of textile and other industrially important dyes from wastewater as an alternative strategy to conventional chemical, physical and biological treatments, which pose serious limitations. Enzymatic treatment is very useful due to the action of enzymes on pollutants even when they are present in very dilute solutions and recalcitrant to the action of various microbes participating in the degradation of dyes. The potential of the enzymes (peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, lignin peroxidases, laccases, microperoxidase-11, polyphenol oxidases, and azoreductases) has been exploited in the decolorization and degradation of dyes. Some of the recalcitrant dyes were not degraded/decolorized in the presence of such enzymes. The addition of certain redox mediators enhanced the range of substrates and efficiency of degradation of the recalcitrant compounds. Several redox mediators have been reported in the literature, but very few of them are frequently used (e.g., 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, veratryl alcohol, violuric acid, 2-methoxy-phenothiazone). Soluble enzymes cannot be exploited at the large scale due to limitations such as stability and reusability. Therefore, the use of immobilized enzymes has significant advantages over soluble enzymes. In the near future, technology based on the enzymatic treatment of dyes present in the industrial effluents/wastewater will play a vital role. Treatment of wastewater on a large scale will also be possible by using reactors containing immobilized enzymes. 相似文献
27.
Hsiu-Chuan Yen Chih-Lung Lin Bing-Shian Chen Chih-Wei Chen Kuo-Chen Wei Mei-Lin Yang 《Free radical research》2018,52(8):856-871
Malignant astrocytoma is the most commonly occurring brain tumour in humans. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development of cancers. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) was found to exert tumour suppressive effect in basic research, but increased SOD2 protein level was associated with higher aggressiveness of human astrocytomas. However, studies reporting alterations of antioxidant enzymes in human astrocytomas often employed less accurate methods or included different types of tumours. Here we analysed the mRNA levels, activities, and protein levels of primary antioxidant enzymes in control brain tissues and various grades of astrocytomas obtained from 40 patients. SOD1 expression, SOD1 activity, and SOD1 protein level were lower in Grade IV astrocytomas. SOD2 expression was lower in low-grade (Grades I and II) and Grade III astrocytomas than in controls, but SOD2 expression and SOD2 protein level were higher in Grade IV astrocytomas than in Grade III astrocytomas. Although there was no change in SOD2 activity and a lower activity of citrate synthase (CS), the MnSOD:CS ratio increased in Grade IV astrocytomas compared with controls and low-grade astrocytomas. Furthermore, SOD1 activity, CS activity, SOD1 expression, GPX4 expression, and GPX4 protein level were inversely correlated with the malignancy, whereas catalase activity, catalase protein, SOD2 protein level, and the SOD2:CS ratio were positively correlated with the degree of malignancy. Lower SOD2:CS ratio was associated with poor outcomes for Grade IV astrocytomas. This is the first study to quantify changes of various primary antioxidant enzymes in different grades of astrocytomas at different levels concurrently in human astrocytomas. 相似文献
28.
Three major peroxidases, designated as A, B2 and B2 from Solanum melongena leaves have been reported. Peroxidases-A, -B2 and -B2 were considered to be true peroxidases on the basis of k1:k4 ratio. The pH optima for the three enzymes were found to be 7·0, 6·0 and 6.0 respectively. These peroxidases differ in their k1:k4 ratio, in the effect of pH on this ratio and in the uric acid/guaiacol and o-dianisidine/guaiacol activity ratio. 相似文献
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The ability of fungi to degrade lignocellulosic materials is due to their highly efficient enzymatic system. Fungi have two types of extracellular enzymatic systems; the hydrolytic system, which produces hydrolases that are responsible for polysaccharide degradation and a unique oxidative and extracellular ligninolytic system, which degrades lignin and opens phenyl rings. Lignocellulosic residues from wood, grass, agricultural, forestry wastes and municipal solid wastes are particularly abundant in nature and have a potential for bioconversion. Accumulation of lignocellulosic materials in large quantities in places where agricultural residues present a disposal problem results not only in deterioration of the environment but also in loss of potentially valuable material that can be used in paper manufacture, biomass fuel production, composting, human and animal feed among others. Several novel markets for lignocellulosic residues have been identified recently. The use of fungi in low cost bioremediation projects might be attractive given their lignocellulose hydrolysis enzyme machinery. 相似文献