鸟类种群密度调查和估算方法初探

为探讨不同调查方法对鸟类种群密度估计的差异,于2010年12月15~20日,对云南省昆明市嵩明县嘉丽泽地区常见的四种鸟(白脊鹡鸰Motacilla alba、黑喉石駑(嶋)Saxicola torquata、白鹭Egretta garzetta、苍鹭Ardea cinerea)进行调查研究.之后分别采用无距离样线法、固定距离样线法以及可变距离样线法(Distance软件)分析,得出其相对丰富度、种群密度等相关信息.对比三种样线法在鸟类数量估计方面的优劣,认为无距离样线法不能真实地反映鸟类数量的多少,固定距离样线法结合样带计数法往往低估鸟类种群密度,呵变距离样线法结合Distance软件分析是相对更为先进和精准的种群密度估算方法.对如何进一步利用Distance软件的分析结果也进行了初步探讨.     

不同来源大麦对条纹病抗性鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为了解不同来源大麦对条纹病的抗性及遗传多样性,本研究采用"三明治法"通过人工接种大麦条纹病菌对91份大麦材料进行抗性评价,并通过31对SSR标记对91份大麦材料进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析.结果 表明,人工接种大麦条纹病菌后共鉴定出4份免疫、6份高抗、33份抗病、43份感病和5份高感大麦材料;31对SSR标记共检测出等...     

Expression patterns of QTL based and other candidate genes in Madhukar × Swarna RILs with contrasting levels of iron and zinc in unpolished rice grains

Background

Identifying QTLs/genes for iron and zinc in rice grains can help in biofortification programs. Genome wide mapping showed 14 QTLs for iron and zinc concentration in unpolished rice grains of F7 RILs derived from Madhukar × Swarna. One line (HL) with high Fe and Zn and one line (LL) with low Fe and Zn in unpolished rice were compared with each other for gene expression using qPCR. 7 day old seedlings were grown in Fe + and Fe − medium for 10 days and RNA extracted from roots and shoots to determine the response of 15 genes in Fe − conditions.

Results

HL showed higher upregulation than LL in shoots but LL showed higher upregulation than HL in roots. YSL2 was upregulated only in HL roots and YSL15 only in HL shoots and both up to 60 fold under Fe − condition. IRT2 and DMAS1 were upregulated 100 fold and NAS2 1000 fold in HL shoot. NAS2, IRT1, IRT2 and DMAS1 were upregulated 40 to 100 fold in LL roots. OsZIP8, OsNAS3, OsYSL1 and OsNRAMP1 which underlie major Fe QTL showed clear allelic differences between HL and LL for markers flanking QTL. The presence of iron increasing QTL allele in HL was clearly correlated with high expression of the underlying gene. OsZIP8 and OsNAS3 which were within major QTL with increasing effect from Madhukar were 8 fold and 4 fold more expressed in HL shoot than in LL shoot. OsNAS1, OsNAS2, OsNAS3, OsYSL2 and OsYSL15 showed 1.5 to 2.5 fold upregulation in flag leaf of HL when compared with flag leaf of Swarna.

Conclusion

HL and LL differed in root length, Fe concentration and expression of several genes under Fe deficiency. The major distinguishing genes were NAS2, IRT2, DMAS1, and YSL15 in shoot and NAS2, IRT1, IRT2, YSL2, and ZIP8 in roots. The presence of iron increasing QTL allele in HL at marker locus close to genes also increased upregulation in HL.     

条形柄锈菌小麦专化型脂肪酶基因PsLIP1的酶学性质分析

脂肪作为条形柄锈菌小麦专化型夏孢子萌发及侵染初期的主要营养物质,酶解产物通过乙醛酸循环转化为糖类成分供病菌生长发育所需。脂肪酶是脂肪代谢的关键酶。基于已测序的基因组序列,利用RT-PCR方法克隆了该病菌脂肪酶基因PsLIP1序列（1 302bp）,编码433个氨基酸的蛋白。在毕赤酵母细胞（GS115）中成功表达PsLIP1后,酶学活性分析显示其最适pH为8.0,最适温度为60℃,此外,发现Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺和Ca²⁺对脂肪酶PsLIP1活力有一定激活作用,Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺则对酶活力有抑制作用。研究结果为进一步解析脂肪酶作用机理奠定基础,同时也为从能量代谢角度制定小麦条锈病防控策略提供理论依据。     

条形柄锈菌小麦专化型小种CYR29有性自交及毒性与无毒性基因的遗传分析

由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型（小麦条锈菌）Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici引起的条锈病是小麦上重大的生物灾害,严重威胁小麦安全生产。应用抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病最为经济有效的措施,但是条锈菌毒性的频繁变异,常常导致品种抗病性丧失,从而引发条锈病新的大流行。有性生殖是条锈菌毒性变异的重要途径,本文通过对小麦条锈菌流行小种CYR29在转主寄主小檗上的自交研究了有性生殖与病菌毒性变异之间的关系。通过诱导CYR29单夏孢子菌系形成冬孢子、萌发产生的担孢子接种转主寄主小檗,使其完成有性过程,由此共获得81个自交后代,对有性后代群体S1和亲本菌系在20个含单个抗病基因的近等基因系鉴别寄主上进行毒性鉴定。S1群体和亲本在Yr5、Yr8、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24、Yr32、YrSP、YrTr1和Yr26上均为无毒性,在Yr1、Yr31、Yr44和YrTye上均为毒性。S1群体在Yr6、Yr7、Yr9、Yr17、Yr27、Yr43和YrExp2这7个位点上出现了毒性分离,表明亲本在这些位点为杂合。81个自交后代可分为24种毒性表型,其中1种表型与亲本毒性一致,含22个菌系;其余23种毒性表型与亲本存在差异,含59个菌系,毒性变异率高达72.8%,且发生变异的子代均比亲本毒性谱更宽。结果表明该小种经过有性过程后产生了毒性增强的新菌系,进一步证实有性生殖是导致小麦条锈菌具有较高遗传多样性的原因之一。     

Malar stripe size and prominence in peregrine falcons vary positively with solar radiation: support for the solar glare hypothesis

Many falcons (Falco spp.) exhibit a distinct dark plumage patch below the eye, termed the malar stripe. This stripe is hypothesized to reduce the amount of solar glare reflected into the eyes while foraging, thereby increasing hunting efficiency in bright conditions. Here, we use a novel, global-scale correlative approach to test this ‘solar glare hypothesis'' in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), the most widespread falcon species, using web-sourced photographs from across the species'' global range. We found that the size and prominence of the malar stripe were positively associated with average annual solar radiation, but not with other environmental variables, such as temperature and rainfall. Our results provide the first published evidence for the hypothesis that this plumage feature functions to reduce the amount of solar glare reflected into the falcon''s eyes, thereby improving the ability to pinpoint and target agile prey in bright conditions.     

不同基因型玉米间混作优势带型配置

为了确定不同基因型玉米间混作的优势带型配置,采用高矮秆玉米豫单610 ||郑单958(YD610 || ZD958)间混作和株高相近玉米登海662 ||浚单20( DH662 || XD20)间混作,研究不同间混作带型配置模式对两个玉米间混作群体的产量、抗逆性、光合性能及田间小气候的影响.结果表明:YD610 || ZD958和DH662 || XD20间混作群体均比单作有显著的增产效果.高矮秆玉米YD610 || ZD958间混作以行比2∶4(I2∶4)的土地当量比(LER)最高,I2∶4的LER分别比行比1∶1(I1∶1)、行比2∶2(I2∶2)和混作(M)高8.1％、2.1％和1.2％.株高相近玉米DH662 || XD20间混作以行比2∶2的LER最高,I2∶2的LER分别比I1∶1、I2∶4和M高6.2％、4.0％和9.3％.间混作群体增产的主要原因在于增强了群体的抗病和抗倒伏能力,改善了群体的通风、透光状况,使群体叶面积指数和光合速率提高.因此,当高矮秆玉米品种搭配间混作时,宜采用行比2∶4间作带型模式(2行高秆品种,4行低秆品种);而株高相近玉米品种搭配间混作时,宜采用行比2∶2间作带型模式.     

The genetic of pathogenicity of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici the cause’s agent of wheat yellow rust disease in Iran

Wheat yellow (stripe) rust disease is one of the important and prevalent diseases of wheat in the world. In this study, 37 isolates of yellow rust diseased from most important wheat-growing areas in Iran has been collected, and the genetic of pathogenesis and race analysis as well as abundance per cent of the disease for genes under study with using 45 differential and isogenic lines together with susceptible Bolani were applied. The experimental materials with the spores of each isolate that were inoculated in the seedling stage separately and after 17?days scored by McNeal et al. method. Also the physiologic races responsible for the disease determined according to Johnson and his colleagues method. The results showed that the race 166E254A?+?Yr27+ with 62.50% of pathogenesis was the most aggressive race from Torogh (Mashhad) 6, and the race 6E134A+ with 33.34% of pathogenesis factor was the weak race from Zarghan1. According to these results, for all the plants containing genes Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr18, YrA virulence was observed from all isolates. For the plants contained with genes Yr1, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, YrSU were effective against all isolates. Genes Yr3, Yr24, YrSP with low per cent of pathogenesis (2.7) and genes Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr18, Yr4 with high per cent (100) and Yr17 (97.3) have been identified.     

Microsatellite-based assessment of genetic diversity in stripe rust resistant NUWYT candidate lines

Stripe rust is one of the most devastating diseases, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, affecting a huge amount of wheat crops worldwide. In this study, the genetic diversity of 16 National Uniform Wheat Yield Trial (NUWYT) candidate lines was evaluated by using 22 screened microsatellite markers. These lines were found resistant for stripe rust at adult plant stage. These wheat microsatellite markers identified a total of 38 alleles, with an average of 2.3 alleles per microsatellite locus. The number of alleles ranged from one to five alleles and the highest number of alleles were associated with B genome (25), as compared to D (11) and A (2) genomes. The allelic polymorphism index content (PIC) reflecting the gene diversity of these microsatellite markers ranged from 0.00 to 0.66, with an average of 0.27. The maximum PIC value of 0.66 was observed for xgwm 159-5B and 0.64 for xgwm 413-1B. The gene diversity ranged from 0.00 to 0.71, with an average of 0.30. The genetic similarity matrix was used to construct a dendrogram and the cluster analysis was performed by the use of unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average algorithm. This divided the entire 16 candidate lines into three main clusters on the basis of their similarity. Our results indicate that the genetic diversity among the 16 candidate NUWYT lines was very narrow.     

Dr. Heinz rogoll‐70 Jahre

The wheat crop remains vulnerable to all three rust diseases (leaf rust, stem rust and yellow rust) caused by Puccinia spp. according to the prevalence of the pathogen in different wheat-growing areas worldwide. Stripe rust or yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the most significant rust pathogen which prefers cool, moist areas and highlands. The pathogen is recognised as responsible for huge production losses in wheat. Genetic variation in pathogen makes its control difficult. Therefore, resistance against all the races of the pathogen known as durable or race-non-specific resistance is preferred. The present study was carried out to identify durable resistance against stripe rust in selected wheat cultivars from Pakistan through seedling testing, field evaluation at adult stage, morphological marker studies and marker-assisted selection. Results revealed that 4% of the cultivars were resistant at the seedling stage while the rest were susceptible or intermediate. To confirm their field resistance, the same cultivars were evaluated under field conditions at Cereal Crops Research Institute Pirsabak (located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KP) a hot spot of stripe rust in Pakistan. Observations exhibited that at the adult stage 4% of the cultivars were resistant, 70% intermediate or moderately resistant while the others were highly susceptible. Leaf tip necrosis was observed in 30% of the cultivars. Wheat cultivars showing susceptibility at the seedling stage were highly to moderately resistant at adult stage showing durable resistance. For further validation, morphological markers were also observed in cultivars indicating the presence of Yr18/Lr34 gene. Eleven cultivars (C-518, Mexipak, Kohinoor-83, Faisalabad-83, Zardana-93, Shahkar-95, Moomal-2002, Wattan-94, Pasban-90, Kiran-95, and Haider-2000) were identified, having durable or race non-specific resistance against stripe rust. These cultivars can further be utilised in wheat breeding programmes for deploying durable resistance to attain long lasting control against stripe rust.