Proteomics for the discovery of biomarkers and diagnosis of periodontitis: a critical review

Periodontitis is a common chronic and destructive disease whose pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Due to their sensitivity and global scale, proteomics studies offer the opportunity to uncover critical host and pathogen activity indicators and can elucidate clinically applicable biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This review summarizes the literature of proteomics studies on periodontitis and comprehensively discusses commonly found candidate biomarkers. Key considerations in the design of an experimental proteomics platform are also outlined. The applicability of protein biomarkers across the progression of periodontitis and unexplored areas of research are highlighted.     

Analysis of association of TaqI VDR gene polymorphism with the chronic periodontitis in Dravidian ethnicity

AIM:

The aim of this study is to analyze the association of TaqI vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism with the chronic periodontitis (CP) in Dravidian ethnicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A total of 120 subjects were recruited for this study, which included 60 CP and 60 healthy controls. TaqI VDR gene polymorphism was analyzed using specific primers and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and visualized under 2% agarose gel.

RESULTS:

Our study results showed that Tt and tt genotype had a higher frequency of occurrence in CP compared with controls. Similarly, t allele was found to be associated with CP.

CONCLUSION:

Our study concludes that TaqI VDR gene polymorphism is associated with CP in Dravidian ethnicity.     

Periodontal ligament-associated protein-1 knockout mice regulate the differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts through TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway

It has been known that periodontal ligament-associated protein-1 (PLAP-1/Asporin) not only inhibits cartilage formation in osteoarthritis, but it also influences the healing of skull defect. However, the effect and mechanism of PLAP-1/Asporin on the mutual regulation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in periodontitis are not clear. In this study, we utilized a PLAP-1/Asporin gene knockout (KO) mouse model to research this unknown issue. We cultured mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g. LPS) for osteogenic induction in vitro. The molecular mechanism of PLAP-1/Asporin in the regulation of osteoblasts was detected by immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and inhibitors of signaling pathways. The results showed that the KO of PLAP-1/Asporin promoted osteogenic differentiation through transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/Smad3 in inflammatory environments. We further found the KO of PLAP-1/Asporin inhibited osteoclast differentiation and promoted osteogenic differentiation through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in an inflammatory coculture system. The experimental periodontitis model was established by silk ligation and the alveolar bone formation in PLAP-1/Asporin KO mice was promoted through TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. The subcutaneous osteogenesis model in nude mice also confirmed that the KO of PLAP-1/Asporin promoted bone formation by the histochemical staining. In conclusion, PLAP-1/Asporin regulated the differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts through TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. The results of this study lay a theoretical foundation for the further study of the pathological mechanism underlying alveolar bone resorption, and the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.     

Oral microcirculation in post-menopause: a possible correlation with periodontitis

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00608.x Oral microcirculation in post‐menopause: a possible correlation with periodontitis Objectives: The reduction in the level of oestrogen, typical in menopause, has some effect on the health of the oral cavity. In fact, post‐menopausal women present more severe periodontal disease than pre‐menopausal women. Numerous factors can be held to be responsible for this increase, among which are the effects of oestrogens on the oral epithelium, on the salivary glands, on bone tissue and on the endothelium. Our double blind study aims to evaluate the possible variations in oral microcirculation in post‐menopausal women. Methods: Twenty‐seven women in post‐menopause (age: Mean ± SD: 57.3 ± 8.73) and 27 women in pre‐menopause (age: Mean ± SD: 27.77 ± 3.56) were examined. Oral microcirculation was investigated using oral videocapillaroscopy. Results: The study showed significant differences between cases and controls for the following parameters: decrease in diameter of loops (mean ± SD: 0.038 ± 0.008; 0.045 ± 0.005), increase in tortuosity (mean ± SD: 3.83 ± 1.13; 1.83 ± 1.06) in labial mucosa and decrease in density in periodontal mucosa (Mean ± SD: 28.86 ± 10.92; 89.62 ± 17.83). Conclusion: The decrease in periodontal density may compromise the epithelium tropism, making it prone to inflammation. The tortuosity may indicate a greater permanence of inflammatory factors, increased in post‐menopausal women.     

奥硝唑用于感染根管消毒的细菌学研究

目的　观察和探讨新型抗厌氧菌药物奥硝唑消毒感染根管的抗菌效果。方法　选择感染根管患牙98颗,常规根管预备后,随机分为试验组(奥硝唑组)和对照组(甲醛甲酚组)各4 9颗。分别在根管预备前、预备后及封药后进行根管内细菌标本采样、培养、分离与鉴定,测定根管内细菌变化及检出情况,并观察封药后临床症状和体征的变化。结果　2组封药后,根管内细菌数量及检出率均较封药前明显降低( P<0 .0 5 ) ,根管内细菌数量及检出率比较,差异无显著性( P>0 .0 5 ) ,奥硝唑的近期临床疗效优于甲醛甲酚。结论　奥硝唑是一种较安全、有效的根管消毒药物     

三黄健齿汤联合牙周局部治疗对慢性牙周炎临床疗效及炎症因子的影响

目的:研究三黄健齿汤联合牙周局部治疗慢性牙周炎的临床疗效,并观察其对炎症因子的影响,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法:选取2015年10月到2016年3月我院收治慢性牙周炎患者130例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组65例,对照组给予洁治和龈下刮治、根面平整等,治疗组在对照组的基础上给予三黄健齿汤治疗,比较治疗前和治疗后牙周探诊深度(PD)、牙龈出血指数(BI)、牙龈沟液白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平变化,并比较中医证候评分。结果:治疗后两组PD和BI均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组IL-1β和IL-6均显著降低,且治疗组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组中医主证候群和次证候评分均显著降低(P0.05),两组主证候群评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗组次证候评分显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:三黄健齿汤联合牙周局部治疗对慢性牙周炎具有较好疗效,能有效降低炎症因子,改善次证候评分。     

双波长激光联合米诺环素对慢性牙周炎牙周临床指标及龈沟液IL-6、IL-8、IL-17、TNF-α水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨双波长激光联合米诺环素对慢性牙周炎牙周临床指标及龈沟液白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-8、IL-17、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α水平的影响。方法：回顾性分析2018年5月至2020年12月长沙市第三医院口腔科收治的90例慢性牙周炎患者的诊治资料。根据治疗方法的不同,将患者分为龈下刮治及根面平整术（SRP）组、双波长激光（DWL）组和双波长激光联合米诺环素（DWL+M）组,每组均30例。比较各组的治疗效果,治疗前及治疗后三个月的牙周临床指标：牙龈指数（GI）、龈沟出血指数（SBI）、探针深度（PD）、临床附着丧失（CAL）,龈沟液的炎性因子水平：IL-6、IL-8、IL-17、TNF-α,并记录各组的不良反应情况。结果：DWL+M组总有效率依次高于DWL组、SRP组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。三组治疗后三个月的GI、SBI、PD、CAL均低于治疗前,DWL+M组治疗后三个月的GI、SBI、PD、CAL均低于同期的SRP组和DWL组（P<0.05）。治疗后三个月三组龈沟液IL-6、IL-8、IL-17、TNF-α水平较治疗前降低,DWL+M组治疗后三个月的IL-6、IL-8、IL-17、TNF-α水平均低于同期的SRP组和DWL组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。三组患者在治疗过程中均未发生不良反应。结论：慢性牙周炎患者采用双波长激光联合米诺环素治疗能使牙周炎症、临床症状明显减轻,且具有较高的安全性。     

慢性牙周炎患者血清CGRP、PGE2、CCL20与牙周临床指标和Th17/Treg失衡的相关性分析

摘要 目的：探讨慢性牙周炎（CP）患者血清降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）、前列腺素E₂（PGE₂）、C-C基序趋化因子配体20（CCL20）与牙周临床指标和辅助性T细胞17/调节性T细胞（Th17/Treg）失衡的相关性。方法：选取2018年3月～2022年1月本院收治的92例CP患者,根据病情严重程度分为轻度组28例、中度组33例、重度组31例。检查患者牙周临床指标,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清CGRP、PGE₂、CCL20水平,流式细胞术检测外周血Th17、Treg百分比并计算Th17/Treg。比较3组血清CGRP、PGE₂、CCL20水平和牙周临床指标及外周血Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg,采用Pearson相关系数分析CP患者血清CGRP、PGE₂、CCL20水平与牙周临床指标和Th17/Treg的相关性。结果：轻度组、中度组、重度组血清CGRP水平和外周血Treg比例依次降低,血清PGE₂、CCL20水平和探诊深度（PD）、出血指数（BI）、附着丧失（AL）、菌斑指数（PLI）及外周血Th17比例、Th17/Treg依次升高（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关系数显示,CP患者血清CGRP水平与PD、BI、AL、PLI、Th17/Treg呈负相关,PGE₂、CCL20水平与PD、BI、AL、PLI、Th17/Treg呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论：血清CGRP、PGE₂、CCL20水平与CP患者牙周临床指标和Th17/Treg失衡密切相关,可能是CP发生发展的关键因子。