Molecular and morphological characterization of monosomic additions in Beta vulgaris,carrying extra chromosomes of B. procumbens or B. patellaris

DNA fingerprinting with three repetitive DNA sequences (OPX2, PB6-4 and Sat-121) was carried out on a set of 10 monosomic additions of Beta procumbens and 75 anonymous B. patellaris-derived monosomic additions in B. vulgaris, for characterization of the alien chromosomes at the DNA level. The probes are Procumbentes-specific and distributed over all chromosomes. Morphological characteristics were also used for the classification of B. patellaris monosomic addition families and for comparison with the morphology of the addition families of B. procumbens.DNA fingerprinting revealed unique patterns for almost all individual addition chromosomes of B. procumbens. However, it was concluded that chromosomes 1 and 6 of B. procumbens may be identical with the only difference that the chromosome referred to as 6 carries a susceptible allele for beet cyst nematode (BCN) resistance. In contrast, it was concluded that the two addition types with chromosome 2 are carrying different chromosomes of B. procumbens, so that one of them was renumbered to become the new chromosome 6.DNA fingerprinting of 75 anonymous B. patellaris-derived monosomic additions facilitated the identification and characterization of the alien chromosomes and the grouping of these additions into nine different groups. Several of these groups could be divided in two sub-groups on the basis of small differences in banding patterns. The results of the DNA fingerprinting led to the conclusion that B. patellaris most likely is an allotetraploid. It was also deduced that the BCN gene(s) in this species are homozygous and located on chromosome 1, while the pair of homoeologous chromosomes does not carry such BCN gene(s). Because of the allotetraploid nature of B. patellaris, preferential association occurs between the two homologous chromosomes containing the allele(s) for BCN resistance. Each group of B. patellaris addition families united by DNA fingerprinting had comparable morphological characteristics. Some of these morphological traits appeared to be chromosome-specific and were very useful for primary classification of the addition families. However, the present study showed that these morphological traits are not adequate for the identification of all alien chromosomes without the aid of additional markers. Because of similarities observed between molecular characteristics or the effects on plant morphology of several chromosomes of B. procumbens and B. patellaris it was concluded that B. procumbens could have been involved in the evolutionary history of B. patellaris.     

沙地植物柄扁桃的生物学特性及引种栽培的研究

通过研究发现柄扁桃具有典型旱生植物的形态结构特征。同时,在生理特征上也与旱生环境相适应。因此,在沙区引种栽培柄扁桃是可行的。柄扁桃的繁殖主要采用播种法,利用沙藏催芽法处理种子,树苗当年可出圃造林。沙地造林采用植前造林法,将株高４０—１００ｃｍ的健壮苗在春季栽植于平缓的沙地、沙丘迎风坡下部或丘间地等风蚀轻、水分条件好的沙地。     

人T细胞系Jurkat表达特异性的C1q受体

采用酶联免疫吸附试验、流式细胞术、放射配体结合试验及蛋白质印迹等方法,首次证实了人Ｔ细胞系Jurkat表达特异性C1q受体,并对其特性进行了分析Jurkat可为C1q或抗人C1q受体抗体112识别,其对异硫氰酸荧光黄标记C1q的结合能被未标记C1q所抑制．在生理离子强度和温度条件下,Jurkat与 ¹²⁵I－C1q的结合呈持异、剂量依赖、可饱和及可逆性,每个细胞C1q结合位点数为1.1×10⁶,对C1q的K_a值为1.5×10⁷mol^-1,Hill系数为0.9643．Jurkat C1q受体识别C1q的胶原样区．该受体是分子量约70000的膜蛋白分子     

Blood Characteristics of the Crab-Eating Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali Island,Indonesia: Implication of Water Deficiency in West Bali

Environmental effects on blood characteristics of macaques were examined by comparing serveral blood indices of the free-ranging crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in two distinct regions of Bali Island, Indonesia. The total plasma protein level and concentrations of' creatinine and sodium ion were higher with macaques of Teluk Terima in the west part of Bali Island (dry area) than those in the central Bali (wet area). Results indicated that water deficiency in the dry area significantly affects the blood characteristics of macaques.     

高山林线形成机理研究进展

高山林线是郁闭森林与高山植被之间的分布界限,作为重要的生态过渡带,对全球和区域性气候变化的反应极为敏感,被认为是气候变化的理想监测器.高山林线研究从最初的形态描述到林线成因假说都是为了寻找高山林线形成的原因.迄今出现的高山林线成因假说都能够在局地尺度解释高山林线成因,但仍然缺乏可以普遍解释全球高山林线现象的假说.温度是林线分布的限制因子,低温限制了林线树种的生存及生长,但是低温影响了哪一个生化过程仍不明确,其影响机理还需进一步探讨.本文对高山林线形成机理,特别是对低温对高山林线植物光合特性、养分特征、非结构性碳水化合物和抗氧化系统的影响等研究进展进行综述,并提出了未来林线研究应该关注的问题.     

5种地黄花部综合特征与繁育系统的初步研究

生殖隔离是物种分化与延续的基础,地黄属植物是否存在生殖隔离仍不清楚。通过实地观测地黄属5个物种(天目地黄、湖北地黄、裂叶地黄、地黄和茄叶地黄)自然种群的花部形态、开花动态、花蜜体积、花蜜的糖浓度及其日变化、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比等指标,结合人工授粉套袋,对地黄属植物的花部综合特征和繁育系统进行研究。结果显示:(1)地黄属植物的花为两性花,单花花期5～7 d,种群花期40～60 d;5种地黄在花序类型、花形态、花粉量、花粉-胚珠比等方面都存在差异,其中茄叶地黄的花粉完全败育。(2)5种地黄属植物的繁育系统属于异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者,不具有无融合生殖特性,地黄与茄叶地黄存在强烈营养繁殖。(3)5种地黄属植物的花朵基部有蜜腺可以产生糖浓度较高的花蜜,这也支持传粉者的存在,但除地黄确定为蜜蜂传粉外,其它地黄植物在野外并未观测到有效的传粉者,可能与地黄的散生特性、生境相互隔离以及传粉观测期气象条件恶劣有关。研究认为,5种地黄属植物较长的花期能有效弥补传粉者访问频率低的不足;除遗传屏障外,推测地黄属5个物种花展示方式的差异可能吸引不同的传粉者,加之地理、生态因素的作用导致了5种地黄属植物繁育系统的分化。     

外源Spd预处理对甜瓜白粉病抗性及其内源多胺的诱导分析

以甜瓜感病品种‘0544’为试材,测定外源亚精胺(Spd)预处理和白粉病菌接种后甜瓜幼苗的光合参数、抗氧化酶活性、内源多胺含量及多胺合成与代谢相关基因表达等的变化,探讨外源Spd处理对甜瓜幼苗白粉病抗性的诱导作用机制。结果显示:(1)1.0mmol·L-1外源Spd处理可显著降低甜瓜幼苗的白粉病病情指数,缓解植株发病症状;(2)外源Spd处理可诱导甜瓜幼苗的多胺合成以及代谢相关基因(SAMDC、ADC、ODC、Spd、Spm、PAO)显著上调表达;(3)外源Spd处理可诱导甜瓜幼苗腐胺(Put)和Spd含量显著增加,而外源Spd并接种白粉病菌处理对甜瓜幼苗精胺(Spm)含量积累的诱导更加显著;(4)接种白粉病菌诱导了甜瓜幼苗的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,外源Spd预处理后再接种白粉病的诱导作用更大,同时外源Spd处理还诱导了甜瓜幼苗过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量的升高;(5)在观测期(120h)内,接种白粉病菌对甜瓜叶片的光合作用抑制较小,而外源Spd预处理并接种白粉病菌共同诱导了甜瓜幼苗的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的显著升高。研究认为,在外源Spd预处理甜瓜幼苗后再接种白粉病菌,甜瓜幼苗可以通过多胺的快速积累及代谢产生的H_2O_2来启动响应机制,进而通过增强防御酶活性等途径来提高对白粉病的抗性。     

不同质地盐渍化土壤水盐含量的高光谱反演

为了方便快捷地同步监测盐渍化土壤的水、盐含量,本文以新疆典型盐渍化灌区为研究对象,基于高光谱技术、运用便携式光谱仪获取不同质地的土壤水盐含量光谱曲线,采用一阶微分、二阶微分、连续统去除的数据处理方法对土壤原始光谱进行变换.结果表明: 对原始光谱数据的变换有利于土壤属性指纹波段的提取,不同质地水盐含量的变换方法并不相同,在壤土中质量含水量为0%和10%时的水盐光谱曲线使用连续统去除方法、15%含水量使用一阶微分、19%含水量使用二阶微分,砂土中0%含水量使用连续统去除方法、10%、15%和19%含水量水盐光谱曲线使用二阶微分处理后,有利于特征波段的提取;对筛选出的变换数据采用偏最小二乘回归方法构建水盐反演模型,壤土盐度小于6.38 mS·cm^-1、砂土小于5.94 mS·cm^-1时,模型建立的建模数据集决定系数(R_cal²)、内部交叉验证(R_cv²)和外部检验数据集决定系数(R_val²)均大于0.65(P<0.05);壤土水分含量小于16%、砂土小于12%时模型反演精度较高.研究结果可为盐渍化土壤水盐含量同步监测提供阈值参考.     

蛾类雄虫交配史对雌虫生殖适合度的影响:Meta分析

本文利用Meta分析方法,从29篇实例研究性文献中对27种雌性蛾类的适合度参数(产卵量、孵化率和寿命)进行分析,以确定雄虫的交配史如何影响雌虫的生殖适合度以及这种影响是否受科属和交配策略的影响。结果表明:雄虫的交配史对自身的精包大小或精子数量以及雌虫的生殖适合度具有明显的负作用,且这种负作用明显受科属和交配策略的影响;在菜蛾科、草螟科、螟蛾科、潜蛾科和蓑蛾科中,与有交配经历的雄虫交配后,雌蛾产卵量明显下降,但在卷蛾科和夜蛾科中没有差异;在潜蛾科、蓑蛾科、卷蛾科和夜蛾科中,与有交配经历的雄虫交配后,雌蛾卵孵化率明显下降,但在菜蛾科、草螟科和螟蛾科中没有差异;草螟科和螟蛾科中的雌蛾寿命随雄蛾的交配史而缩短,而卷蛾科和夜蛾科的雌蛾寿命随配偶的交配史而明显增加;尽管雄蛾交配史对单配制和多配制雌蛾的产卵量和孵化率具有明显的负作用,但雄虫的交配史明显缩短了单配制雌蛾的寿命而延长了多配制雌蛾的寿命;因此我们认为,在蛾类昆虫中,雄虫的交配史是影响雌虫生殖适合度的关键因素之一。