环介导等温扩增技术在致病微生物检测中的应用

环介导等温扩增(LAMP)是一种新兴的核酸扩增方法,由于其具有高灵敏、高特异、操作简单、检测快速、价格低廉等诸多优势,现已成为分子生物学诊断技术的重要组成部分,并广泛应用于基层实验室及野外致病微生物的在快速检测致病微生物中的应用及新进展,希望能为其发展提供参考。     

子午岭次生林植被演替过程的土壤抗冲性

在水土流失极为严重的黄土高原地区,土壤抗冲性决定着土壤的可蚀性.于2004年5月在黄土高原惟一的次生林区——子午岭林区,通过原状土冲刷实验对不同植被演替阶段下的土壤抗冲性进行了研究.结果表明： （1）随植被的正向演替,表层土壤（0～15cm）的抗冲性明显增大,但亚表层（15～30cm）和底层（30～50cm）土壤抗冲性则没有太大的变化;（2）植物根系能显著的增强土壤抗冲性,土壤抗冲系数与单位土体根系表面积具有极显著的（p＜0.001）线性相关关系;（3）土壤抗冲系数随土壤中水稳性团聚体含量和微生物量的增加而增大,且其相关关系极显著（p＜0.001）.综合根系（x1）、水稳性团聚体（x2）以及微生物（x3）对土壤抗冲性的影响,建立黄土高原地区土壤抗冲性方程： y=-4.89＋1.27x1＋0.079x2＋1.94E-3x3 （R^2=0.914 p＜0.001）.     

218例肛周脓肿患者脓液培养及药物敏感情况分析

通过回顾性归纳分析218例原发性成脓期肛周脓肿患者脓液标本细菌培养及药敏试验结果,了解肛周脓肿患者脓液中主要致病菌分布情况及药敏试验状况。结果表明,218例患者脓液培养共分离出病原菌247株,革兰阳性菌41株（占16.6%）,革兰阴性菌206株（占83.40%）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）145株（占58.71%）,肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae）38株（占15.38%）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。药敏试验显示革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、丁胺卡那、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率为100%,对替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素、氯霉素、头孢西丁、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶敏感率均达到85%以上;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、亚胺培南、利奈唑胺敏感率为100%,对替考拉宁、链霉素、氯霉素、左氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟敏感率均达到85%以上,均为敏感抗菌药物。肛周脓肿患者致病菌分布发生了改变,革兰阴性菌占比下降,革兰阳性菌占比上升,仍以大肠埃希菌急性感染为主。临床上存在敏感抗菌药物,可以首选头霉素类抗生素头孢西丁治疗肛周脓肿,然后根据具体药敏试验结果及时调整使用敏感的抗生素。     

A role for plant microtubules in the formation of transmission-specific inclusion bodies of Cauliflower mosaic virus

Interactions between microtubules and viruses play important roles in viral infection. The best-characterized examples involve transport of animal viruses by microtubules to the nucleus or other intracellular destinations. In plant viruses, most work to date has focused on interaction between viral movement proteins and the cytoskeleton, which is thought to be involved in viral cell-to-cell spread. We show here, in Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)-infected plant cells, that viral electron-lucent inclusion bodies (ELIBs), whose only known function is vector transmission, require intact microtubules for their efficient formation. The kinetics of the formation of CaMV-related inclusion bodies in transfected protoplasts showed that ELIBs represent newly emerging structures, appearing at late stages of the intracellular viral life cycle. Viral proteins P2 and P3 are first produced in multiple electron-dense inclusion bodies, and are later specifically exported to transiently co-localize with microtubules, before concentrating in a single, massive ELIB in each infected cell. Treatments with cytoskeleton-affecting drugs suggested that P2 and P3 might be actively transported on microtubules, by as yet unknown motors. In addition to providing information on the intracellular life cycle of CaMV, our results show that specific interactions between host cell and virus may be dedicated to a later role in vector transmission. More generally, they indicate a new unexpected function for plant cell microtubules in the virus life cycle, demonstrating that microtubules act not only on immediate intracellular or intra-host phenomena, but also on processes ultimately controlling inter-host transmission.     

昆虫产卵分泌物的产生方式、成分及功能

产卵是昆虫生活史中的重要阶段。绝大多数昆虫产卵前后都会产生分泌物用于卵的粘着和覆盖, 这些分泌物起到保护卵及初孵幼虫的作用;有些昆虫还通过产卵分泌物对卵进行标记, 进而影响种群、个体间对现有资源的有效利用。产卵分泌物是昆虫进化过程中的一种适应, 一般具有特定的生理和生态学功能, 影响着种群数量的变化。本文阐述了不同昆虫产卵分泌物的产生方式及物理性状, 并对产卵分泌物的组成、功能、分泌器官以及产卵分泌物中微生物的研究进展进行了综述。     

The role of the Cer1 transposon in horizontal transfer of transgenerational memory

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STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS OF OLIGOAGAR ELICITORS TOWARD GRACILARIA CONFERTA (RHODOPHYTA)

Agar oligosaccharides in the neoagarobiose series were prepared by partial enzyme hydrolysis, separated on Biogel P2 and P4, and analyzed by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, yielding neoagarosaccharide fractions with a disaccharide repetition degree ranging from 1 (neoagarobiose) to more than 8 (neoagarohexadecaose). These fractions were analyzed for their biological activity toward the marine red alga Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) J. et G . Feldmann in terms of increase of oxygen consumption, release of hydrogen peroxide, elimination of epiphytic bacteria, and induction of thallus tip bleaching. The structure–activity and dose–response relationships of neoagarosaccharides were very similar in the respiratory and oxidative burst responses and in their bactericidal properties, with neoagarosaccharides consisting of 6 to 8 disaccharide repeating units being the most active. All these responses were competitively inhibited by the reduced form of neoagarohexaose, neoagarohexaitol. In contrast, the tip-bleaching response was light dependent, required much higher concentrations of neoagarosaccharides, and was not inhibited by neoagarohexaitol, suggesting that it is an unspecific oxidative stress reaction. Putative structural effects on the recognition of endogenous agar-oligosaccharide elicitors by G. conferta are discussed.     

Indicator organisms for estuarine and marine waters

Abstract The use of indicator organisms for estuarine and coastal waters has been reviewed. The natural flora of the environment must be considered in selecting an indicator organism, but, more importantly, recent work which shows a viable but non-recoverable stage of pathogens entering the marine environment demonstrates that the conventional detection of indicator microorganisms is misleading, if not inaccurate. Results suggest that the newly developed epifluorescent/immunofluorescent direct detection of pathogens in the environment may be the most reliable method for determining public health hazards in marine and estuarine waters.     

Vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll cells modulate leaf water balance in response to chitin

Plants can detect pathogen invasion by sensing microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). This sensing process leads to the induction of defense responses. Numerous MAMP mechanisms of action have been described in and outside the guard cells. Here, we describe the effects of chitin, a MAMP found in fungal cell walls and insects, on the cellular osmotic water permeability (P_f) of the leaf vascular bundle‐sheath (BS) and mesophyll cells (MCs), and its subsequent effect on leaf hydraulic conductance (K_leaf). BS is a parenchymatic tissue that tightly encases the vascular system. BS cells (BSCs) have been shown to influence K_leaf through changes in their P_f, for example, after sensing the abiotic stress response‐regulating hormone abscisic acid. It was recently reported that, in Arabidopsis, the chitin receptors‐like kinases, chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) and LYSINE MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) are highly expressed in the BS as well as the neighboring mesophyll. Therefore, we studied the possible impact of chitin on these cells. Our results revealed that BSCs and MCs exhibit a sharp decrease in P_f in response to chitin treatment. In addition, xylem‐fed chitin decreased K_leaf and led to stomatal closure. However, Atlyk5 mutant showed none of these responses. Complementing AtLYK5 in the BSCs (using the SCARECROW promoter) resulted in the response to chitin that was similar to that observed in the wild‐type. These results suggest that BS play a role in the perception of apoplastic chitin and in initiating chitin‐triggered immunity.     

The effects of taxonomy,diet, and ecology on the microbiota of riverine macroinvertebrates

Freshwater macroinvertebrates play key ecological roles in riverine food webs, such as the transfer of nutrients to consumers and decomposition of organic matter. Although local habitat quality drives macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance, little is known about their microbiota. In most animals, the microbiota provides benefits, such as increasing the rate at which nutrients are metabolized, facilitating immune system development, and defending against pathogenic attack. Our objectives were to identify the bacteria within aquatic invertebrates and determine whether their composition varied with taxonomy, habitat, diet, and time of sample collection. In 2016 and 2017, we collected 264 aquatic invertebrates from the mainstem Saint John (Wolastoq) River in New Brunswick, Canada, representing 15 orders. We then amplified the V3‐V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene within each individual, which revealed nearly 20,000 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The microbiota across all aquatic invertebrates were dominated by Proteobacteria (69.25% of the total sequence reads), but they differed significantly in beta diversity, both among host invertebrate taxa (genus‐, family‐, and order‐levels) and temporally. In contrast to previous work, we observed no microbiota differences among functional feeding groups or traditional feeding habits, and neither water velocity nor microhabitat type structured microbiota variability. Our findings suggest that host invertebrate taxonomy was the most important factor in modulating the composition of the microbiota, likely through a combination of vertical and horizontal bacterial transmission, and evolutionary processes. This is one of the most comprehensive studies of freshwater invertebrate microbiota to date, and it underscores the need for future studies of invertebrate microbiota evolution and linkages to environmental bacteria and physico‐chemical conditions.