大型煤电基地开发生态累积效应及定量分析方法研究

大型煤电基地(CEBs)是我国煤基能源和材料集中开发区域和国家能源战略安全重要支撑,合理评价CEBs开发生态影响是CEBs可持续协调开发、科学管理中的难点问题。研究将CEBs开发视为系统工程,与自然生态系统(NES)相关联,深入研究大型煤电基地生态系统(CEBES)的驱动行为、内在结构及主要关系、生态影响途径、生态累积过程和生态累积效应及阈值分析方法。基于CEBs空间和功能定位提出CEBs的概念、内涵和特点,融合构建的CEBES涵盖到自然资源、能源开发行为(煤、电等)、其他人类活动(农、牧、城)和大气、水、土壤及生物域;研究表明CEBES的生态累积状态受三种行为驱动和影响(自然行为、能源开发行为和其他人类活动),通过融合、传导和辐射耦合作用,表现为生态要素损伤、系统结构变化和系统状态失衡三级状态,生态累积具有影响多态性、空间多尺度和过程渐变性特点;明确了生态累积过程、累积效应和阈值及其相互关系,引入反映生态影响累积程度的生态损伤系数,提出四类生态阈值(生态要素、内部结构、系统状态和行为调控);基于系统性和实用性筛选反映生态累积相对状态的60项指标,构建具有“三力”驱动、分区要素耦合和系...     

Measuring Sustainability Efficiency Using a Two‐Stage Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

In this article, we apply an additive two‐stage data envelopment analysis estimator on a panel of 20 countries with advanced economies for the time period 1990–2011 in order to create a composite sustainability efficiency index. We use a window‐based approach in order to study the countries over the years. The sustainability efficiency index is decomposed into production efficiency and eco‐efficiency indicators. The results reveal inequalities among the examined countries between the two stages. The eco‐efficiency stage is characterized by large inequalities among countries and significantly lower efficiency scores than the overall sustainability efficiency and the production efficiency. Finally, it is reported that a country's high production efficiency level does not ensure a high eco‐efficiency performance.     

Microbial diversity and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in cheap and junk foods consumed by primary schoolchildren

Aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and eight foodborne pathogens were tested in 1008 cheap and junk foods, including candies, dried cakes, chewing gum, chocolate, dried and seasoned seafood, ice cream, and sugary foods. APCs were positive for 342 samples (33·9%), and the majority of the counts were 2–3 log CFU g^?1 or ml^?1 (average: 1·10 log CFU g^?1 or ml^?1). Most samples (97·3%) contained no coliforms (average: 0·07 log CFU g^?1 or ml^?1). Bacillus cereus was detected in 68 samples (average: 0·14 log CFU g^?1 or ml^?1). Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 6 and 1 samples, respectively, whereas other foodborne pathogens were not isolated. The highest bacterial counts were associated with dried and seasoned seafood products and dried cakes, suggesting that appropriate regulations of these food types should be considered. Cheap and junk foods were produced mainly in developing countries, but there were no significant differences in the bacterial counts among different countries of origin. The presence of foodborne pathogens may pose a risk for children. These results suggest that there is cause for deeper concern about the safety of these foods and that effective countermeasures should be established to improve their microbiological safety.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Food safety is especially important for children, but only limited information is available about the microbiological quality of cheap and junk foods that are consumed frequently by primary schoolchildren (e.g. dried cakes, candies and chocolates). The present study investigated the microbial quality of cheap and junk foods, and our results indicate that these foods are a potential health risk for children, therefore, deeper concern about the safety of these foods and effective countermeasures should be established to improve their microbiological safety. The present study may contribute to the development of an appropriate child food safety management system.     

Spatial differences in bacterioplankton composition along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) assessed by molecular fingerprinting

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments was used to compare surface bacterioplankton assemblages along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). Samples from three coastal stations were compared with samples taken inside the Barcelona harbour and open sea samples taken during a cruise. The bacterial assemblage of each sample showed a characteristic and reproducible DGGE fingerprint. Between 17 and 35 bands were detected in each sample, and about 40% of the bands accounted for more than 80% of the band intensity in each sample. The presence of bands as well as their relative intensity was used to compare bacterial assemblages. Clear differences between the harbour samples and the coastal samples were evident during all periods. Marked temporal changes in the bacterial assemblages were detectable for the coastal sites, suggesting seasonal succession of coastal bacterioplankton. During each season, two stations presented a very similar bacterial composition (Barcelona and Masnou) whereas bacterial assemblages in Blanes were slightly different. These differences were consistent with the different hydrography of the area. Diversity indices calculated from DGGE fingerprints were relatively similar for all samples analysed, even though harbour samples were expected to present lower diversity values.     

Proteome analysis of the plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of bacterial blight, which is one of the most serious diseases of rice. Xoo has been studied for over one century, and much has been learned about it, but proteomic investigation has been neglected. In this study, proteome reference maps of Xoo were constructed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and 628 spots in the gels representing 469 different protein species were identified with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. The identified spots were assigned to 15 functional categories according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and the annotations from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The data set has been deposited in the World-2DPAGE database (Database ID: 0044). In addition, comparative proteomic analysis revealed that proteins related to the TonB-dependent transportation system and energy metabolism are involved in the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid resistance in Xoo. In conclusion, we have established a proteome database for Xoo and have used this database in a comparative proteomic analysis that identified proteins potentially contributing to phenazine-1-carboxylic acid resistance in Xoo.     

基于光谱指数的植物叶片叶绿素含量的估算模型

叶绿素是光合作用能力和植被发育阶段的指示器,是监测湿地植被生长健康状况的重要指标之一;高光谱遥感技术可以为植物叶绿素含量的定量化诊断提供简便有效、非破坏性的数据采集和处理方法。为保证被探测叶片面积相同,消除背景反射、叶片表面弯曲造成的光谱波动及叶片内部变异造成的影响,研究采用Field Spec 3光谱仪加载手持叶夹式叶片光谱探测器,测定野鸭湖湿地典型植物的叶片高光谱反射率数据,同时通过分光光度计室内测定相应叶片的叶绿素含量。采用相关性及单变量线性拟合分析技术,建立二者的关系模型,包括叶绿素含量与"三边"参数的相关模型以及比值光谱指数(SR)模型和归一化差值光谱指数(ND)模型,并采用交叉检验中的3K-CV方法对估算模型进行模型精度检验。结果表明:植物叶片叶绿素含量与"三边"参数大多都呈极显著相关,相关系数最大达到0.867;计算光谱反射率组成的比值(SR)和归一化(ND)光谱指数与叶绿素含量的决定系数,总体相关性比较高,较好的波段组合均为550—700nm与700—1400nm以及550—700nm与1600—1900nm,与叶绿素含量相关性最好的指数分别是SR(565nm,740nm)和ND(565nm,735nm)。并通过选取相关性最佳的光谱特征参数,分别基于"三边"参数和ND模型指数构建了植物叶片叶绿素含量的估算模型。其中,基于红边位置(WP_r)光谱特征参数和ND(565nm,735nm)光谱指数建立的叶绿素含量估算模型,取得了较好的测试效果,检验拟合方程的决定系数(R2)都达到0.8以上,估算模型分别为y=0.113x-78.74,y=5.5762x+4.4828。通过3K-CV方法进行测试和检验,植物叶绿素含量估算模型均取得了较为理想的预测精度,预测精度的分别为93.9%及90.7%。高光谱遥感技术对植被进行微弱光谱差异的定量分析,在植被遥感研究与应用中表现出强大优势,为植物叶绿素含量诊断中的实际应用提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持。     

基于环介导等温扩增技术的微流控芯片在病原菌检测方面的研究进展

环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术是一种新兴的核酸恒温扩增技术,与微流控芯片技术相结合,可实现对病原菌的快速检测,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简单等优点。本文根据不同终产物的检测方法对目前检测病原菌的相关微流控LAMP芯片进行了分类与介绍,并对技术的改进和存在的问题进行了分析,以期为后续的相关研究提供参考。     

铅、镉及其复合污染对蚕豆根尖细胞的诱变效应

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd(1mgL^-1～25mgL^-1)、Pb(1mgL^-1～25mgL^-1)及其复合污染对根尖细胞的毒害作用,分析了重金属及复合重金属污染对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂和微核及染色体畸变的影响。结果表明：Cd、Pb及其复合处理对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂及染色体行为存在不同程度的影响。具体表现为：低浓度促进细胞分裂,高浓度则抑制细胞分裂;对染色体畸变的影响表现为：当浓度为1．0mgL^-1时Cd即产生显著效应,而Pb浓度达10．0mgL^-1时,表现出稳定的,强度较大的诱变效应,且随浓度的增加毒害增强。Cd、Pb间存在交互作用,Cd达低浓度时与Pb的交互作用明显而高浓度则不明显,且Cd、Pb间存在部分拮抗作用。     

稻草还田方式对双季水稻产量和土壤碳库管理指数的影响

采用田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、稻草切碎全量还田+化肥(SNPK)和稻草全部烧灰还田+化肥(SINPK)4个处理,研究不同稻草还田方式对双季稻产量和土壤碳素形态、碳库管理指数的影响.结果表明:2010—2011年两年四季的水稻平均产量SNPK与SINPK处理基本持平,但均显著高于NPK处理,增幅为5.7%～7.3%.与NPK和SINPK相比,SNPK能显著提高早稻产量,增幅在3.8%～8.8%.与单施化肥和稻草烧灰还田相比,SNPK提高了土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数,总有机碳、活性碳、矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了1.8%～2.0%、5.9%～6.5%、16.0%～41.6%和7.3%～7.8%.土壤碳库管理指数与早、晚稻产量呈显著抛物线关系,相关系数分别为0.999和0.980.SNPK能显著提高翌年早稻产量及土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数.     

低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值对比研究

摘要 目的：比较低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值。方法：选择2018年1月至2019年12月我院行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术的患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为低剂量组和常规剂量组,每组48例,两组分别在低剂量扫描、常规剂扫描下行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术,比较两组扫描范围、X射线剂量、图像质量、穿刺成功率及并发症发生情况。结果：低剂量组CT吸收剂量加权指数（CTDIw）、平均剂量长度乘积（DLP）显著低于常规剂量组（P<0.05）,两组扫描范围比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组图像质量1级1例、2级1例、3级46例;常规剂量组1级0例、2级1例、3级47例,两组图像质量比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组穿刺成功率87.50%,常规剂量组穿刺成功率89.58%,两组穿刺成功率比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组并发症发生率为12.50%,常规剂量组并发症发生率为10.42%,两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：与常规剂量扫描相比,在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中应用低剂量扫描可以有效降低辐射剂量,但不影响图像质量和穿刺成功率,患者并发症发生率也未增加,具有较好的临床价值。