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41.
David J. Millar Antoni R. Slabas Chris Sidebottom Colin G. Smith Anthony K. Allen G. Paul Bolwell 《Planta》1992,187(2):176-184
A major wall protein of suspension-cultured cells of French bean has been isolated and characterised. It can be prepared from walls or the culture filtrate and in composition it is particularly rich in proline, valine and glutamic acid/glutamine and contains appreciable amounts of hydroxyproline. The N-terminus shows some glycosylation, while following chemical deglycosylation the first 38 residues were found to be identical to those of proline-rich proteins from soybean. However, the composition of the highly purified Mr-42000 bean protein differs considerably from the soybean proteins and must contain its own specific domains. An antibody was raised and used to demonstrate the inducibility of the Mr-42000 bean protein in response to elicitor action. The protein was found to be mainly localised in the intercellular spaces of the cortical cells of bean hypocotyls and at the wall-plasmalemma interface of xylem vessels, another potentially accessible compartment for pathogens. Following wounding, the protein was found to be generally distributed in the wall of epidermal and cortical cells of the hypocotyls. The Mr-42000 protein is cross reactive with antibodies raised to glycoproteins of the Rhizobium infection thread and the chitin-binding hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, potato lectin. These common epitopes together with the previously demonstrated chitin-binding properties of the bean protein indicate a role in host-microbial interactions. Furthermore, the Mr-42000 protein itself bound to the growing hyphal tips of the bean pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.Abbreviations FITC
fluorescein isothiocyanate
- IgG
immunoglobulin G
- PAL
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
We thank Dr Nick Brewin for advice on interpretation of immunolocalisations and for the gift of MCA 265. We thank Dudley Fernandino for carrying out the confocal microscopy. GPB thanks the Science and Engineering Research Council for funding. 相似文献
42.
The economic and environmental costs of the heavy use of chemical N fertilizers in agriculture are a global concern. Sustainability considerations mandate that alternatives to N fertilizers must be urgently sought. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a microbiological process which converts atmospheric nitrogen into a plant-usable form, offers this alternative. Nitrogen-fixing systems offer an economically attractive and ecologically sound means of reducing external inputs and improving internal resources. Symbiotic systems such as that of legumes and Rhizobium can be a major source of N in most cropping systems and that of Azolla and Anabaena can be of particular value to flooded rice crop. Nitrogen fixation by associative and free-living microorganisms can also be important. However, scientific and socio-cultural constraints limit the utilization of BNF systems in agriculture. While several environmental factors that affect BNF have been studied, uncertainties still remain on how organisms respond to a given situation. In the case of legumes, ecological models that predict the likelihood and the magnitude of response to rhizobial inoculation are now becoming available. Molecular biology has made it possible to introduce choice attributes into nitrogen-fixing organisms but limited knowledge on how they interact with the environment makes it difficult to tailor organisms to order. The difficulty in detecting introduced organisms in the field is still a major obstacle to assessing the success or failure of inoculation. Production-level problems and socio-cultural factors also limit the integration of BNF systems into actual farming situations. Maximum benefit can be realized only through analysis and resolution of major constraints to BNF performance in the field and adoption and use of the technology by farmers. 相似文献
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Marili Laas Kalev Adamson Irene Barnes Josef Janouek Martin S. Mullett Katarína Adam
íkov Mitsuteru Akiba Ludwig Beenken Helena Braganca Timur S. Bulgakov Paolo Capretti Thomas Cech Michelle Cleary Rasmus Enderle Luisa Ghelardini Libor Jankovský Svetlana Markovskaja Iryna Matsiakh Joana B. Meyer Funda Oskay Barbara Pikur Kristina Raitelaityt Duan Sadikovi Rein Drenkhan 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2022,23(11):1620
Lecanosticta acicola is a pine needle pathogen causing brown spot needle blight that results in premature needle shedding with considerable damage described in North America, Europe, and Asia. Microsatellite and mating type markers were used to study the population genetics, migration history, and reproduction mode of the pathogen, based on a collection of 650 isolates from 27 countries and 26 hosts across the range of L. acicola. The presence of L. acicola in Georgia was confirmed in this study. Migration analyses indicate there have been several introduction events from North America into Europe. However, some of the source populations still appear to remain unknown. The populations in Croatia and western Asia appear to originate from genetically similar populations in North America. Intercontinental movement of the pathogen was reflected in an identical haplotype occurring on two continents, in North America (Canada) and Europe (Germany). Several shared haplotypes between European populations further suggests more local pathogen movement between countries. Moreover, migration analyses indicate that the populations in northern Europe originate from more established populations in central Europe. Overall, the highest genetic diversity was observed in south‐eastern USA. In Europe, the highest diversity was observed in France, where the presence of both known pathogen lineages was recorded. Less than half of the observed populations contained mating types in equal proportions. Although there is evidence of some sexual reproduction taking place, the pathogen spreads predominantly asexually and through anthropogenic activity. 相似文献
45.
干旱与条锈病复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以抗旱性和抗病性不同的小麦为材料,以正常生长为对照,观察了病原菌和水分复合胁迫对小麦叶片相对含水量、活性氧代谢以及对抗氰呼吸的发生、运行的影响。讨论了在干旱与病原菌侵染复合胁迫下,抗氰呼吸在植物抗逆机制中所扮演的角色。复合胁迫下,抗病小麦显然具备更强的水分调控能力,而感病品种不能有效控制病叶水分散失。水分胁迫能引起抗氰呼吸的下降,但不能抵消因病原菌侵染引起的抗氰呼吸的增强,条锈菌侵染对小麦抗氰呼吸的影响远远大于水分胁迫。病原菌侵染和水分复合胁迫下,活性氧产生的速率表现出累加效应,而抗氰呼吸表现出和基质抗氧化酶的活性互补。植物交替氧化酶在干旱与病原菌侵染复合胁迫中具有重要的抗氧化功能,并可能调节着逆境下物质与能量需求间的矛盾。 相似文献
46.
《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2022,29(4):2582-2590
Despite the wide range of available antibiotics, food borne bacteria demonstrate a huge spectrum of resistance. The current study aims to use natural components such as essential oils (EOs), chitosan, and nano-chitosan that have very influential antibacterial properties with novel technologies like chitosan solution/film loaded with EOs against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Two strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and three strains of Listeria monocytogenes were used to estimate antibiotics resistance. Ten EOs and their mixture, chitosan, nano-chitosan, chitosan plus EO solutions, and biodegradable chitosan film enriched with EOs were tested as antibacterial agents against pathogenic bacterial strains. Results showed that E. coli O157:H7 51,659 and L. monocytogenes 19,116 relatively exhibited considerable resistance to more than one single antibiotic. Turmeric, cumin, pepper black, and marjoram did not show any inhibition zone against L. monocytogenes; Whereas, clove, thyme, cinnamon, and garlic EOs exhibited high antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250–400 μl 100?1 ml and against E. coli O157:H7 with an MIC of 350–500 μl 100?1 ml, respectively. Among combinations, clove, and thyme EOs showed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 with MIC of 170 μl 100?1 ml, and the combination of cinnamon and clove EOs showed the strongest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes with an MIC of 120 μl 100?1 ml. Both chitosan and nano-chitosan showed a promising potential as an antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria as their MICs were relatively lower against L. monocytogenes than for E. coli O157:H7. Chitosan combined with each of cinnamon, clove, and thyme oil have a more effective antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 than the mixture of oils alone. Furthermore, the use of either chitosan solution or biodegradable chitosan film loaded with a combination of clove and thyme EOs had the strongest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. However, chitosan film without EOs did not exhibit an inhibition zone against the tested bacterial strains. 相似文献
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49.
苹果褐斑病菌侵染对苹果叶片光合机构功能的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了探究苹果褐斑病菌侵染对苹果叶片光合机构的伤害机制,以‘寒富’苹果为试材,研究苹果褐斑病菌侵染对苹果叶片光合作用和光系统功能的影响。结果表明:随褐斑病菌侵染加重(叶片感病程度分0、1、2、3、4和5级),叶片的叶绿素a含量和总叶绿素含量持续下降,其中2~5级与对照相比差异显著,病菌侵染提高了叶片类胡萝卜素含量,但仅以2级与对照差异显著。苹果褐斑病菌侵染显著降低了叶片的净光合速率(Pn),3~5级病叶的Pn分别较对照下降44.9%、56.6%和70.3%,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升,说明非气孔因素是光合作用的主要限制因子。褐斑病菌侵柒影响了光合电子传递效率,随病菌侵染程度加重,光系统Ⅱ反应中心、供体侧放氧复合体(Wk)和受体侧(Vj)受到的伤害加重,并引起苹果叶片PSII的光合性能指数用PIABS和PSI受体侧末端电子受体的量子产额(φRo)急剧下降。褐斑病菌侵染加重了苹果叶片的膜脂过氧化程度,1~5级感病叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著高于对照,引发超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性的上调。以上结果表明,苹果褐斑病菌侵染引起叶片光合色素降解,对PSII反应中心、受体侧和供体侧造成伤害,进一步影响了PSI的电子传递效率,并导致叶片膜脂过氧化,造成苹果叶片光合能力下降。 相似文献
50.
Edward Málaga-Trillo Evgenia Salta Antonio FiguerasCynthia Panagiotidis Theodoros Sklaviadis 《生物化学与生物物理学报:疾病的分子基础》2011,1812(3):402-414
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), otherwise known as prion disorders, are fatal diseases causing neurodegeneration in a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. The causative agents - prions - are thought to be composed of a rogue isoform of the endogenous prion protein (PrP). Beyond these and other basic concepts, fundamental questions in prion biology remain unanswered, such as the physiological function of PrP, the molecular mechanisms underlying prion pathogenesis, and the origin of prions. To date, the occurrence of TSEs in lower vertebrates like fish and birds has received only limited attention, despite the fact that these animals possess bona fide PrPs. Recent findings, however, have brought fish before the footlights of prion research. Fish models are beginning to provide useful insights into the roles of PrP in health and disease, as well as the potential risk of prion transmission between fish and mammals. Although still in its infancy, the use of fish models in TSE research could significantly improve our basic understanding of prion diseases, and also help anticipate risks to public health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases. 相似文献