大叶黄杨叶片内部光能利用梯度

采用一种新方法来测量大叶黄杨叶片(Euonymus japonicus T.)内部的绝对光能利用效率梯度曲线.该方法基于光声光谱的深度分析(Depth-Analysis)理论,并结合了光纤微探测器的叶片光梯度测量结果.日本小檗(Berberis thunbergii D C.)叶片的光声光谱扫描显示了深度分析的精确性.实验结果表明:叶片内部利用光能效率最低处在栅栏组织和海绵组织之间(入射光能0.026%-660 nm红光);越靠近叶片的上表皮和下表皮,显示出叶片组织利用光能效率有上升的趋势(分别为0.092% 和0.036%).因此,不同叶肉组织绝对光能利用效率是不同的,该实验结果直接证实了Han和Vogelmann (1999)所提出的假设.     

Biological control of pedological and hydro-geomorphological processes in a deciduous forest ecosystem

This study describes the effect of soil fauna and vegetation on the development of landscapes and how these actually control soil formation, geomorphological development and hydrological response. The study area is located in a semi-natural deciduous forest on marl in Luxembourg, with a strong texture contrast in the soil at 15–25 cm depth (luvic planosols). The methodology applied is both based on hydrological and geomorphological field measurements on runoff, sediment yield, perched water table dynamics, geomorphological survey, pedological survey and measurements related to in situ ectorganic horizon dynamics and litter decay, soil animal activity, as well as measurements of dynamic soil properties such as soil moisture and swelling and shrinkage. The results show that there is a positive feedback between tree type, soil fauna activity and the development of pipes, partial areas, soils and geomorphology. The landscape can be divided into two main types: Areas where Stellario-Carpinetum vegetation and partial areas are common and areas with Milio-Fagetum vegetation on dry slopes, which are differentiating more and more over time as a result of ongoing geo-ecosystem processes, and which also reflected in their sediment yield. The hydrological response is highly different for both landscape compartments as they are dominated by matrix (Beech) and pipe flow (Hornbeam) respectively. Soil fauna and tree type drive both soil and geomorphological evolution and they both can be considered as important ecosystem engineers.     

Lipid droplet proteins and metabolic diseases

Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous cellular organelles for lipid storage which are composed of a neutral lipid core bounded by a protein decorated phospholipid monolayer. Although lipid storage is their most obvious function, LDs are far from inert as they participate in maintaining lipid homeostasis through lipid synthesis, metabolism, and transportation. Furthermore, they are involved in cell signaling and other molecular events closely associated with human disease such as dyslipidemia, obesity, lipodystrophy, diabetes, fatty liver, atherosclerosis, and others. The last decade has seen a great increase in the attention paid to LD biology. Regardless, many fundamental features of LD biology remain obscure. In this review, we will discuss key aspects of LD biology including their biogenesis, growth and regression. We will also summarize the current knowledge about the role LDs play in human disease, especially from the perspective of the dynamics of the associated proteins. This article is part of a Special issue entitled Cardiac adaptations to obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, edited by Professors Jan F.C. Glatz, Jason R.B. Dyck and Christine Des Rosiers.     

黄丘区特色治理开发小流域土壤侵蚀变化对景观格局演变的响应

研究土壤侵蚀与景观格局变化的关系对小流域的治理开发具有重要的指导意义。本研究以实施退耕还林草、生态农业、生态旅游及科技示范的黄土高原安塞南沟特色治理小流域为研究对象,基于GIS平台和通用土壤流失方程,分析小流域1981—2018年景观格局和土壤侵蚀量的时空演化特征,并利用主成分回归法,从斑块类型水平和景观水平两个尺度分析土壤侵蚀模数与3类9个景观格局指标的关系。结果表明: 研究期间,在5种景观类型中,耕地和林地面积的时空变化主导了南沟小流域景观格局的演化,并且影响整个小流域的聚集分散程度;南沟小流域的土壤侵蚀量逐年减少,1981—2018年土壤侵蚀面积减少29.7%,侵蚀模数减少61.2%,且有73.4%的区域土壤侵蚀强度减轻;耕地和林地面积的变化决定了整个小流域土壤侵蚀模数的变化,其景观格局指数的变化方向与该景观类型土壤侵蚀的变化方向一致;退耕还林草工程是流域景观格局变化、土壤侵蚀减轻的主要原因,特色开发治理可以减弱局部地区土壤侵蚀强度。景观类型的合理化配置能有效地防治小流域土壤侵蚀,将其与特色治理开发相结合有助于实现小流域可持续高质量发展。     

中国生态功能保护区归一化植被指数动态及气候因子驱动

为揭示生态功能保护区归一化植被指数(NDVI)与气候因子相关性, 为今后该区域植被动态监测提供有用的信息, 该研究基于2000-2015年MODIS NDVI数据和逐月格点降水与气温数据, 采用生态功能保护区和像元两种空间尺度, 应用线性倾向分析、偏相关分析、复相关分析等方法研究了46个生态功能保护区NDVI变化及其与气候因子的关系, 在此基础上基于相关系数显著性水平对生态功能保护区NDVI动态进行了气候因子驱动分区。主要结果: (1)生态功能保护区NDVI总体呈增加趋势, 其增率加权平均值为0.045·a^-1。像元分析表明, NDVI显著增加的区域主要分布在中部和东北部。(2)生态功能保护区NDVI与降水的偏相关系数在-0.30-0.72之间, 在32个分区呈正相关关系。NDVI与气温的偏相关性在-0.36-0.92之间, 在39个分区呈正相关关系。像元分析表明, 50.6%的像元NDVI与降水呈显著正偏相关关系, 主要分布在东北及西北地区。64.6%的像元NDVI与气温呈显著正偏相关关系, 主要分布在东北及青藏高原北缘地区。(3)气温-降水强驱动型是主要驱动类型, 占总面积的38.7%; 气温驱动型为次要驱动类型, 占27.3%; 非气候因子驱动型占17.6%。以上结果表明, 生态功能保护区NDVI与气温、降水气候因子改变具有显著相关性, 气候因子驱动的地区共占82.4%。研究气候变暖背景下生态功能保护区NDVI变化及其对气候因子的响应, 对于认识该区植被动态变化规律具有重要作用。     

控制性分根交替灌溉下氮形态对番茄生长、果实产量及品质的影响

以高产大果型西红柿品种中研988为材料,采用分根培养的方法,研究了控制性分根交替灌溉(APRI)条件下,不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮)对番茄生长、产量及果实品质的影响.结果表明: 同一灌溉方式或下限处理下,铵态氮对番茄植株前期生长有利,而硝态氮促进番茄植株后期生长,并促进果实产量增加.在APRI同一灌水下限下,硝态氮处理可提高果实维生素C含量及糖酸比,提高营养品质.同一氮素形态供应下,APRI番茄的株高和叶面积均小于正常灌溉(CK),但灌水下限为60%田间持水量(θ_f)的APRI处理番茄茎粗在生长后期有所增加.在同一氮素形态下,与CK相比,APRI各处理的产量均下降,其中灌水下限在40%θ_f的APRI处理产量下降了22.4%～26.3%;而灌水下限在60% θ_f的APRI处理仅下降了5.3%～5.4%,下降幅度相对较小,而品质显著提高,并具有明显的节水效果.因此,控制灌水下限在60%θ_f、供应硝态氮的APRI处理为番茄高产、优质、节水的最佳处理.
     

基于Sentinel-2数据的草地植物功能多样性遥感反演及其与生产力的关系

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系是当前生态学研究的焦点和难点。植物功能多样性是影响生态系统功能的重要指标, 开展植物功能多样性的研究对了解生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系有着重要意义。传统的草地植物功能多样性研究多以实地调查为主, 不仅费时费力, 而且由于受到时空的限制, 很难拓展到大尺度的研究中。遥感技术的发展为评估草地功能多样性提供了一种经济、有效的手段。该研究选取内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区草甸草原为研究区, 利用Sentinel-2卫星影像和野外实测数据, 选取了波段及植被指数等46个特征变量, 探讨了逐步回归、偏最小二乘法(PLSR)和随机森林(RFR)等3种不同方法对草地植物功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)和功能离散度(FDiv)的反演精度, 并基于PLSR反演草地地上生物量, 进一步分析了研究区功能多样性与生产力的关系。研究结果表明: (1)波段B11、优化型土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)、水波段指数(WBI)对FRic解释度最高; 波段B6、B10、B12、类胡萝卜素反射指数1 (CRI1)、双峰光学指数(D)、归一化差值指数45 (NDI45)等6个特征变量对FEve解释度最高; 波段B5、B9、B10、B11、加权差分植被指数(WDVI)、凸包面积等对FDiv解释度最高; (2)基于十折重复交叉验证, 利用逐步回归估算的FRic和FEve反演精度远高于其他两种回归方法, R²分别为0.52和0.44; 而利用PLSR方法估算的FDiv反演精度最高(R² = 0.61); (3)群落地上生物量反演精度为R² = 0.61; FRic与地上生产力的关系最好(R² = 0.40), 其次为FDiv (R² = 0.28)和FEve (R² = 0.27)。研究发现, 基于Sentinel-2卫星影像能较好地反演草地功能多样性和生产力, 为下一步能在大尺度上进行草地功能多样性估算及其与生产力关系研究提供了参考和依据。     

Partial migration in inexperienced pied avocets Recurvirostra avosetta: distribution pattern and correlates

Birds exhibit a range of wintering behaviour from strictly migrant to strictly resident species. In partially migrating ones, some birds overwinter within their breeding region (resident birds) while others, although breeding in the same area, winter far away (migrant birds). Accordingly, choosing a wintering region is a key stage in the annual life cycle of birds, notably for inexperienced first‐year individuals. The present study aimed to investigate this issue, and more specifically to study the distribution pattern during winter and factors influencing the wintering behaviour of first‐year pied avocets Recurvirostra avosetta. Based on a 10‐yr ringing study carried out on five of the major French breeding colonies distributed along the Atlantic coast, we showed the coexistence of different wintering tactics. The resident tactic was predominant (approximately 86% of the 575 birds re‐sighted), while the other birds adopted migration. Among resident individuals, two different tactics occurred: 43% of birds overwintered within their natal colony, whereas the others wintered in another site located at relatively close proximity along the French Atlantic coast. Hatching date was a consistent predictor of all wintering tactics. More specifically, the probability of migrating was the highest for early‐hatched birds, and for resident ones, the probability of wintering within their natal colony rather than in another French site was the highest for both median‐ and late‐hatched individuals. In addition, a colony effect was demonstrated for resident birds. Several biological interpretations, including social system, variations in both individual body condition and habitat quality, were put forward to explain these correlates.     

人参药材中人参皂苷与生态因子的相关性及人参生态区划

为了扩大人参(Panax ginseng)栽培面积, 解决人参资源日益短缺的问题, 研究了人参皂苷与生态因子之间的相关性。利用超高效液相(UPLC)色谱法, 测定了辽宁、吉林和黑龙江三省不同产区人参样品中3种人参皂苷(Rg1、Re和Rb1)的含量, 并基于“中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系统”(TCMGIS)平台, 获得采样区域10个生态因子(包括活动积温、年平均气温、海拔、相对湿度、年日照时数、年降水量、7月最高气温、7月平均气温、1月最低气温和1月平均气温等)数据; 利用因子分析法对16个人参基地进行因子得分评价, 得分最高的是吉林和辽宁的人参基地, 故将吉林和辽宁的人参基地作为人参生态适宜性分析的最佳区域; 通过偏最小二乘回归法建立3种人参皂苷成分与上述10个生态因子间的回归方程并获取其相应的权重, 结果发现多个温度因子与人参皂苷含量呈强负相关关系, 说明热量因子对人参皂苷活性成分的累积起主要作用, 而水分因子、地理因子和光照因子与人参皂苷含量呈弱相关关系; 以因子得分最高的吉林和辽宁人参基地为基点区域, 分别对3种人参皂苷进行单成分生态适宜性区划以及综合区划, 得知3种人参皂苷成分积累的最佳区域主要集中在长白山脉, 而燕山山脉和太行山脉只有少量分布区域。