古田山常绿阔叶林不同演替群落中石栎种子的形态变异

采用空间代替时间的方法研究了浙江古田山植物群落演替过程中石栎种子的形态变异模式,并通过冗余分析法(redundancy analysis,RDA)分析了种子形态特征与生态因子间的关系。结果表明:群落演替阶段是影响种子形态变异最重要的生态因子(P<0.001),海拔的影响次之(P<0.001),坡度的影响微弱(P>0.05)。随着群落演替发展,石栎种子的长度、直径和体积的变异幅度均显著增加(P<0.001);Ⅱ级种子的比例随演替发展逐步下降,Ⅰ、Ⅲ级种子相应逐步增加,种子大小分配由前期的相对均匀转向后期的两极分化。种子空壳率随演替发展逐步上升,演替中期显著高于前期(P<0.001),演替后期又显著高于中期(P<0.001)。推测群落演替引发的群落结构和光环境的复杂化可能是种子形态变异的重要诱因。进一步分析发现,群落演替后期的种子形态特征足以降低石栎种群的更新能力,这可能是石栎在演替后期群落中出现更新受限现象的重要原因。     

Microbial Communities Involved in Fe Reduction and Mobility During Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Mineralization in Two Contrasted Paddy Soils

Lowland rice fields of West Africa (Ivory Coast) and South Asia (Thailand) are affected by ferrous toxicity or salinity, respectively, and their soil waters contain large amounts of ferrous iron, depending on reducing irrigation condition and suggesting occurrence of bacterial reducing processes. To determine the involvement, dynamic and activities of bacterial communities in Fe(III) reduction and mobilization during anaerobic degradation and mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM), different experiments and analyses have been performed. Results demonstrated that the utilization of SOM as sole carbon, nutrient and energy sources favored the presence of large bacterial communities: facultative anaerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Fe(III)-reducing bacteria (FeRB) (fermentative and Fe respiring), sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) which are involved in carbon, nitrogen, iron and sulfur cycling. The larger functional diversity is observed in the Ivory Coast paddy soils containing larger amounts of organic matter and sulfur compounds. These communities contained complementary populations (chemoorganotrophic, chemolitotrophic, aerobic, facultative anaerobic and anaerobic) that can be active at different steps of iron solubilization with simultaneous organic matter mineralization. Our results indicate that the pH controlled by bacterial activity, the nature much more than the content of organic matter, and consequently the structure and activity of bacterial communities influence significantly the availability and dynamic of iron in paddy fields which affect the soil quality.     

下辽河平原稻田非生长季碳排放观测研究

应用静态箱 /气相色谱法对下辽河平原稻田非生长季碳排放动态变化规律进行了测定。结果表明 ,非生长季 (10月至翌年 4月 )稻田CH4、CO2 和N2 O排放总体上随气温变化而发生变化。在冻融期 (3月中下旬 )CO2 和N2 O有明显的排放。非生长季节的稻田是大气CO2 和N2 O的源 ,作为大气CH4的源或汇的作用不明显。     

Composition Shifts of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi between Natural Wetland and Cultivated Paddy Field

The community assembly change of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during the reclamation of wetlands to paddy fields is mostly unknown. In this study, we applied the high-throughput sequencing technique to investigate the composition of the AMF community in natural wetland (common wild rice and Leersia hexandra Swartz) and paddy field (Asian cultivated rice), as well as the soil elements effective on the community of AMF. Soil properties including soil organic carbon, available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium, and pH were also measured. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of nine genera in four orders (Glomerales, Diversisporales, Archaeosporales, and Paraglomerales) of AMF were detected. All detected AMF genera were found in the wild rice wetland, while about half of the detected AMF genera were absent in paddy field; however, the absolute amount of total AMF in the paddy field and wetland was not different. Among all measured soil properties, AMF community was affected significantly by soil AN and AP. Results indicate that agricultural managements affect AMF community significantly, but do not have negative effects on the absolute amount of all the AMF genera. Soil AP may be the main factor resulting in the decreased AMF genus in paddy field. In addition, AMF may have contributed to the survival and evolution of plants.     

恩施州耕地土壤pH近30年变化特征

以第二次土壤普查(1980—1983年)和耕地质量评价(2010—2013年)两个不同时期恩施州土壤pH数据为基础,对恩施州耕地土壤pH近30年时空变化进行了研究,明确了恩施州耕地土壤pH值变化特征,并初步探讨了导致土壤pH变化的自然因素和人为因素,以期为制定土壤酸化控制对策提供理论指导.结果表明: 2010—2013年,恩施州pH<6.5的酸性土壤占耕地面积的98.4%,6.5～8.5中性偏碱性土壤仅占耕地面积的1.6%;与1980—1983年相比,酸性土壤(pH<6.5)面积比例提高了61.4%,中性偏碱性土壤(pH在6.5～8.5)面积比例减少了61.2%,pH>8.5的强碱性耕地土壤在全州已基本消失.1980—1983年,pH<6.5的耕地土壤主要分布在来凤县、利川市、宣恩县和咸丰县,面积比例分别为74.4%、63.5%、61.3%和60.7%,至2010—2013年,恩施州酸性土壤分布更加广泛,各县市酸性土壤(pH<6.5)面积比例均达到96%以上.近30年来,恩施州土壤呈酸化趋势,土壤pH空间分布呈现东高西低格局.不同区域、不同耕地利用类型土壤pH值均发生不同程度的下降.耕地土壤pH整体下降了0.90,其中,旱地土壤pH下降了1.14,水田土壤pH下降了0.87,旱地土壤酸化程度大于水田.恩施州土壤酸化主要受肥料结构、配比变化及高产作物收获带走大量盐基养分等人为因素影响.     

Secondary Succession and Natural Habitat Restoration in Abandoned Rice Fields of Central Korea

Floristic composition and soil characteristics (moisture, pH, nutrient contents) in abandoned upland rice paddies of different ages were analyzed to clarify the regenerative aspects of succession as a tool for habitat restoration. The study sites represented five seral stages: newly abandoned paddy fields; successional paddy fields abandoned for 3, 7, and 10 years; and a 50‐year‐old Alnus japonica forest. A vegetation sere was apparent in changes of dominant plant species in the order Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis (annual grass), Aneilema keisak (annual forb), Juncus effusus var. decipiens (rush), Salix koriyanagi (willow), and Alnus japonica (alder) communities. These temporal stages resemble the spatial zonation of vegetation in local riparian floodplain ecosystems, indicating a hydrosere, with soil moisture decreasing over time. Age distributions and life forms of the dominant plant species support a “tolerance” model of secondary succession, in which the established species persist into later successional stages. Persistence of earlier colonizers led to a net cumulative increase in species richness and a more even distribution of species cover with increasing field age. Between 10 and 50 years, vegetation stabilizes as an alder community. Soil moisture content decreased steadily with paddy field age after an initial rise immediately after their abandonment, whereas pools of organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, increased with field age. The pace and direction of recovery of native vegetation and natural soil properties in these abandoned rice paddies resembled classic old field succession, a form of secondary succession that often serves as a template for guiding restoration efforts. Active intervention, in particular dismantling artificial levees, could accelerate the recovery process, but natural habitat recovery generally appears sufficiently robust to achieve “passive” restoration of this rare community without intervention.     

长期不同施肥模式对南方双季稻田生态系统净碳汇效应和经济收益的影响

施肥措施与稻田生态系统净碳汇效应、经济收益的关系密切。本研究以长期(35年)定位施肥试验田为平台,分析了单独施用化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和无肥对照(CK)4种不同施肥模式对我国南方双季稻田耕层土壤固碳速率、碳密度、年碳汇平衡和经济收益的影响。研究表明: 不同施肥处理双季稻田耕层土壤碳库变化范围为216.02～866.74 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,OM处理土壤碳年变化量显著高于MF、RF和CK处理;双季稻田土壤固碳速率为51.5～650.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,表土碳密度为55.64～78.42 t·hm^-2,各施肥处理高低顺序均为OM>RF>MF>CK。各施肥处理双季稻田生态系统水稻的碳吸收为4.42～9.32 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,其高低顺序为OM>RF>MF>CK;与MF处理相比,OM和RF处理稻田土壤净碳汇量分别提高了27.6%和13.6%。各施肥处理双季稻田生态系统的碳成本物质投入变化范围为1.49～2.17 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,年经济收益变化范围为1.30×10³～7.83×10³元·hm^-2·a^-1,其高低顺序为RF>OM>MF>CK;OM、RF和MF处理双季稻田生态系统经济效益的净收益均显著高于CK处理。总之,长期施用有机肥、秸秆还田配施化肥措施均有利于增加双季稻田土壤固碳速率、碳汇效应和经济收益,是提高南方双季稻田土壤有机碳贮量的施肥模式。     

Effects of conservation tillage on soil organic matter in paddy rice cultivation

In this study, the effect of conservation tillage on soil organic matter (SOM) in paddy rice cultivation after 10 yr was investigated. Four treatments, disk till-fallow (DTF), disk till-wheat (DTW), conservation till-fallow (CTF) and conservation till-wheat (CTW) were used. The results indicated that the combinative application of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation was a sound conservation practice in paddy rice cultivation. It not only significantly increased the concentration of SOM in the topsoil, but also affected optical and pyrolysis characteristics of humic acids (HA) through changing the composition and structure of SOM. At 0–10 cm, the greatest SOM content was in CTW, but declined sharply with depth, while in DTF, DTW and CTF the SOM content was not as high at the surface as in CTW, but did not decline as fast as in CTW. The oxidation stabilization of SOM was generally greater in no-tillage and ridge culture than that in disk till. The HA optical density in CTW at wavelength 665 nm and 465 nm was 0.122 and 0.705, while in DTF was 0.062 and 0.321, respectively. E₄/E₆ ratio in CTW was higher than that in the other treatments. The enthalpy capacity of the exothermal peak (360–365°C) for the HA DTA curve in no-tillage and ridge culture was lower than that in disk till, while the HA absorption peaks in 1000–1050 cm^?1 presented the reverse trend. The oxidation stabilization coefficient of HA in no-tillage and ridge culture was higher than that in disk till, indicating that the polycondensation degree and aromatization of HA were stronger. These findings suggest that it may be possible to manipulate paddy soil through conservational tillage and crop practices, and thereby maintain adequate SOM concentrations, and mitigate soil organic carbon loss from soil to atmosphere.     

环境因素对黑水滩河上游河段潜流层大型无脊椎动物群落的影响

在黑水滩河上游河段选取5个断面调查了潜流层大型无脊椎动物及其生境特征,研究微观尺度环境因素对潜流层大型无脊椎动物群落组成及分布的影响。结果表明:调查河段共发现大型无脊椎动物29种,其中水生昆虫种类最多;各断面大型无脊椎动物的密度、生物量和丰富度均随着潜流层深度的增加而降低;潜流层沉积物的中值粒径、垂向水力梯度和垂向渗透系数是影响大型无脊椎动物组成和分布的主要因素,其中最重要的是中值粒径。潜流层无脊椎动物群落变化也可能受到食物源和生物之间相互作用等因素的影响,所有这些因素共同形成了一个复杂的自然过滤系统,控制着潜流层无脊椎动物的群落结构和空间分布。     

Paddy straw as substrate for ethanol production

Pretreatment of paddy straw with 2% sodium hydroxide at 15 psi for 1 h resulted in 83% delignification. The hydrolysis of alkali treated paddy straw with a commercial preparation of cellulase for 2 h at 50°C resulted in release of 65% total reducing sugars. Maximum sugars were released at enzyme loading of 1.5% (v/v). The fermentation of hydrolysate supplemented with nutrients by S. cerevisiae resulted in the production of 20–30 g L⁻¹ ethanol after 48 h incubation which was further improved with addition of yeast nitrogen base and inoculated with 1% (w/v) yeast cells.