Predation of frog eggs by the water strider Gerris latiabdominis Miyamoto (Hemiptera: Gerridae)

Water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae) are predators found on the water surface that prey mainly on arthropods. The feeding on other organisms (dead vertebrates, fishes and tadpoles) is a rare event. To our knowledge, predation of frog eggs by water striders has not yet been reported. We observed that adult water striders, Gerris latiabdominis Miyamoto, 1958 (Hemiptera: Gerridae), preyed on the eggs of three frog species, Pelophylax nigromaculata Hallowell, 1861 (Anura: Ranidae), Rana japonica Boulenger, 1879 (Anura: Ranidae), and Rhacophorus schlegelii Günther, 1858 (Anura: Rhacophoridae). We found predation by the water striders affects the survival rate of frog eggs floating on the water surface. We suggest that this hunting event would occur in water bodies in which water striders and frogs coexist, especially the region where their phenology overlaps.     

氮掺杂碳纳米颗粒对稻田根际土壤细菌群落的影响

氮掺杂碳纳米颗粒(N-CNPs)具有较高的农田氮肥增效潜力,但其对稻田根际土壤细菌群落结构和功能的影响尚不明确。本研究以连续3年施用低(1.2%,N-CNPs1)、中(6.7%,N-CNPs2)和高(9.3%,N-CNPs3)氮掺杂碳纳米颗粒的稻田根际土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术和PICRUSt 功能预测方法研究其细菌群落组成和代谢功能变化。结果表明: 连续3年配施N-CNPs能提升稻田根际土壤细菌群落多样性,改变细菌群落功能;不同氮掺杂量水平间存在差异,其中以中氮掺杂量(N-CNPs2)碳纳米颗粒处理变化幅度最大。细菌群落分析结果指出,配施N-CNPs提升了根际土壤中变形菌门、酸杆菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度,降低了浮霉菌门、绿弯菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度。PICRUSt 功能预测结果表明,在二级预测功能分类中,配施N-CNPs处理的氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和脂类代谢功能得到增强,而其他代谢功能则受到减弱。KEGG 直系同源基因簇丰度热图结果显示,N-CNPs2处理能提升根际土壤碳、氮代谢相关的细菌群落的相对丰度。     

稻田不同放养规格的克氏原螯虾生长性能及养殖效果

通过稻田原位围隔(每个20 m2)试验,比较了不同规格的克氏原螯虾生长、存活及养殖效果。试验设计了三个不同放养规格处理组,小规格平均体重为3. 35 g,中规格为6. 49 g,大规格为10. 35 g,每个处理组有3个重复,试验开始时投放的虾种生物量均为1 000 g。试验结果为:小规格组围隔内伊乐藻生物量和覆盖度急剧减少,可能与放养密度过高有关;虾体重特定生长率与放养规格呈现负相关的趋势;大规格组的存活率(77. 3%)最高,显著高于中规格组(58. 1%)和小规格组(60. 1%);大规格组试验前后的性比出现了显著的变化,但中规格组和小规格组试验前后的性比均无明显变化;经过45 d养殖,大规格组平均体重为45. 15 g、单个围隔平均产量为3. 64 kg;中规格组平均体重37. 64 g、围隔平均产量3. 32 kg;小规格组平均体重27. 47g、围隔平均产量5. 08 kg;大规格组饲料系数为1. 85,中规格组1. 77,小规格组2. 34;大规格组单个围隔毛利润为165元,中规格组79元,小规格组96元。这些结果表明放养大规格(10 g左右)虾种时,养殖死亡率低、产品档次高,因而能以较低的产量获得最好的经济效益。     

不同肥料对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响

采用中国科学院千烟洲生态站1998年开始的定位试验数据,研究不同肥料(猪粪、秸秆、化肥)对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷养分及相关酶活性\[β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β 1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)\]的影响.结果表明：施用猪粪(OM)土壤中的βG、NAG和LAP活性显著高于其他处理,比对照(不施任何肥料)分别高1.4、2.6和1.9倍;土壤C/N提高、βG/(NAG+LAP)降低,说明施用猪粪有利于土壤中纤维素的降解和有机碳的积累.施用化肥提高了土壤中βG、NAG和LAP活性,而AP活性比对照低34%;土壤βG/AP和(NAG+LAP)/AP较高,而C/P和N/P较低,说明施用化肥导致稻田红壤无机磷的积累,抑制了土壤中分解磷酸多糖和磷脂的微生物功能.     

陷阱法的改进及其在稻田蜘蛛取样中的应用

在稻田保水的情况下,使用传统的取样方法调查地面活动的节肢动物存在很大的困难。为了准确监测稻田地面活动节肢动物的物种及其个体数量和时间动态,对陷阱法在水稻田的应用进行了改进。以稻田地面活动的优势种狼蛛(Lycosidae)为监测对象,采用改进的陷阱法——"土堆陷阱法"取样,并以常用的吸虫器法作对比,验证土堆陷阱法的应用效果。建议以土堆陷阱法作为稻田地面节肢动物的调查采样方法。     

长期施用含硫和含氯化肥对稻田杂草生长动态的影响

利用湖南祁阳红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了在等量氮磷钾养分条件下,长期施用含Cl-、SO2-4和Cl-+SO2-4化肥水稻生育期间杂草种类和生物量的变化.结果表明:施肥34年后,施用含Cl-化肥处理水稻生育期间杂草的种类最多、总生物量(浮生杂草和湿生杂草的生物量之和)最大,早稻期间杂草平均总干物质量分别比含SO2-4和Cl-+SO2-4化肥处理增加了51.4%和17.6%,晚稻期间分别增加了144%和242%.含SO2-4和Cl-+SO2-4化肥处理稻田中浮生杂草生物量较大,而含Cl-化肥处理田间几乎没有浮生杂草生长.杂草总干物质量和湿生杂草干物质量均与土壤Cl-含量呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.764**和0.948**),与土壤SO2-4-S含量呈显著负相关(相关系数分别为0.849**和0.641*).土壤碱解氮和有效磷受土壤SO2-4-S、Cl-及pH的共同作用对杂草总干物质量产生影响.通过各种施肥措施维持土壤适宜pH及碱解氮、有效磷含量,提高土壤SO2-4-S含量、降低Cl-含量,能有效抑制南方红壤稻田中湿生杂草的生长,降低杂草总生物量.     

Genome sequence of the anaerobic bacterium Bacillus sp. strain ZYK,a selenite and nitrate reducer from paddy soil

Bacillus sp. strain ZYK, a member of the phylum Firmicutes, is of interest for its ability to reduce nitrate and selenite and for its resistance to arsenic under anaerobic conditions. Here we describe some key features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 3,575,797 bp long chromosome with its 3,454 protein-coding and 70 RNA genes, and the information gained from its sequence will be relevant to the elucidation of microbially-mediated transformations of nitrogen, selenium and arsenic in paddy soil.     

Effects of elevated ozone concentration on methane emission from a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta,China

Few investigations have been made on the impact of elevated ozone (O₃) concentration on methane (CH₄) emission from rice paddies. Using open‐top chambers in situ with different O₃ treatments, CH₄ emissions were measured in a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta, China in 2007 and 2008. There were four treatments applied: charcoal‐filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and charcoal‐filtered air with different O₃ additions (O₃‐1 and O₃‐2). The mean O₃ concentrations during the O₃ fumigation were 19.7, 22.6, 69.6 and 118.6 ppb in 2007 and 7.0, 17.4, 82.2 and 138.3 ppb in 2008 for treatments CF, NF, O₃‐1 and O₃‐2, respectively. The rice yields, as compared with CF, were reduced by 32.8% and 37.1%, 58.3% and 52.1% in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The diurnal patterns of CH₄ emission varied temporally with treatments and there was inconsistence in diurnal variations in CH₄ emissions from the paddy field. The daily mean CH₄ emissions were significantly lower in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 than those in treatments CF and NF. Compared with CF treatment, CH₄ emissions from the paddy field were decreased to 46.5% and 38.3%, 50.6% and 46.8% under treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in the whole growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, respectively. The seasonal mean CH₄ emissions were negatively related with AOT40 (accumulative O₃ concentration above 40 ppb; P < 0.01 in both years), but positively related to the relative rice yield (reference to CF; P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.001 in 2008), aboveground biomass (P < 0.01 in both years) and underground biomass (P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.05 in 2008). The decreased CH₄ emission from the rice paddy due to an increased O₃ exposure might partially mitigate the global warming potential induced by soil carbon loss under elevated O₃ concentrations.     

Modelling the effect of water activity and temperature on growth rate and aflatoxin production by two isolates of Aspergillus flavus on paddy

Aims: This study was conducted to characterize the growth of and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on paddy and to develop kinetic models describing the growth rate as a function of water activity (a_w) and temperature. Methods and Results: The growth of A. flavus on paddy and aflatoxin production were studied following a full factorial design with seven a_w levels within the range of 0·82–0·99 and seven temperatures between 10 and 43°C. The growth of the fungi, expressed as colony diameter (mm), was measured daily, and the aflatoxins were analysed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The maximum colony growth rates of both isolates were estimated by fitting the primary model of Baranyi to growth data. Three potentially suitable secondary models, Rosso, polynomial and Davey, were assessed for their ability to describe the radial growth rate as a function of temperature and a_w. Both strains failed to grow at the marginal temperatures (10 and 43°C), regardless of the a_w studied, and at the a_w level of 0·82, regardless of temperature. Despite that the predictions of all studied models showed good agreement with the observed growth rates, Davey model proved to be the best predictor of the experimental data. The cardinal parameters as estimated by Rosso model were comparable to those reported in previous studies. Toxins were detected in the range of 0·86–0·99 a_w with optimal a_w of 0·98 and optimal temperature in the range of 25–30°C. Conclusions: The influences of a_w and temperature on the growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin production were successfully characterized, and the models developed were found to be capable of providing good, related estimates of the growth rates. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results of this study could be effectively implemented in minimizing the risk of aflatoxin contamination of the paddy at postharvest.     

江苏省主要农田杂草种子库物种组成和多样性及其与环境因子的相关性分析

采用水洗镜检法对江苏省31个农田样点(包括旱田和水田)0～15 cm土层土壤杂草种子库的种类组成和物种多样性进行了调查研究;采用典范对应法分析了杂草种子库种类与环境因子(包括淹水天数、土壤有机质含量、土壤pH、年降水量、年均温、样点经度和样点纬度)的相关性并绘制了样点和种类与环境因子的二维排序散点图.调查结果表明:在31个样点的土壤杂草种子库中共检测到杂草种子15科54种,旱田和水田各有41和45种,二者共有种类占多数但优势种有差异,通泉草[ Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze]、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis L.)、水苋菜(Ammannia baccifera L.)、千金子[Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees]、棒头革(Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.)和牛繁缕[ Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries]等种类为二者的共有优势种;杂草种类最多的为禾本科(Gramineae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae),分别占种类总数的22.6％和20.8％.旱田不同样点杂草种子库的优势种类变化较大,而水田杂草种子库优势种较稳定;二者优势种频度差异较大,旱田中频度高于0.30的杂草有19种,水田中频度高于0.50的杂草有20种;旱田和水田中平均重要值大于0.03的杂草各有11和9种,这些频度高的种类重要值也较大.旱田和水田土壤种子库种子密度分别为21 015和37 847 m-2,平均为31 008 m-2;旱田3层土壤中种子密度差异不显著,而水田上、中层土壤的种子密度显著高于下层.旱田以夏熟和秋熟杂草为主,而水田则以水田和夏熟杂草为主.按形态类型划分,水田及旱田中杂草种类数和密度从大到小均依次排序为阔叶草类、禾草类、莎草类,且水田中这3类杂草的种类数和种子密度均高于旱田.与旱田相比,水田杂草种子库的物种丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener 指数(H')和Simpson指数(D)较高,但Pielou均匀度指数(E)较低;旱田杂草种子库的S、H'和D指数随土层深度增加而降低、E指数逐渐升高,水田各土层的物种多样性指数则无明显变化趋势.第1种类排序轴与淹水天数负相关性最高(R=-0.8143),第2种类排序轴与年降水量和经度也有较高的负相关性;相关性分析和CCA分析结果均表明淹水天数是影响杂草种子库群落构成的最大因素.通过二维排序可将31个样点分为旱田和水田2大类,旱田可划分为长期旱连作和水旱轮作2个亚类;水田可划分为淮河以北地区和淮河以南长江流域地区2个亚类.研究结果说明:杂草种子库潜群落优势种与地上部农田杂草显群落优势种具有一致性,通过土壤杂草种子库的研究可以预测地上杂草的发生和危害情况.