Basal and Foliar Treatment using an Organic Fertilizer Amendment Lowers Cadmium Availability in Soil and Cadmium Uptake by Rice on Field Micro-Plot Experiment Planted in Contaminated Acidic Paddy Soil

In the present study, field micro-plot experiments were conducted to investigate the basal and foliar application of a tested organic fertilizer amendment (OFA) for decreasing the risk of Cd accumulating in rice. The results showed that applications of OFA significantly increased rice yields in Cd-polluted soil and reduced the level of Cd in rice plants, especially in rice grain. In addition, three application methods of OFA were investigated (single basal application (B1, B2, and B3), combined basal application (+LM, +D, and +Z), and foliar application (F1, F2)). Treat B, F, +LM, +D were all higher than control on rice yield with 25.03, 28.05, 30.61, 22.50 g pot^?1 on average, respectively. Among which, rice cadmium depress to 0.33 mg kg^?1 in foliar application is considered to be a more efficient and economical method of heavy metal remediation. The mechanism of foliar application to alleviate the accumulation of Cd in brown rice may be related to the probable Cd sequestration in the leaves and straws. And the doses of the foliar application were 2.25–3.75 kg hm^?2, approximately 1.0–2.5% of the basal application amount yet with more effect (0.10 mg kg^?1 more than single basal; 0.23 mg kg^?1 more than combined basal) on Cd reduction.     

黄壤稻田土壤微生物生物量碳磷对长期不同施肥的响应

本研究以进行了22年的黄壤稻田长期定位试验为依托,分析了不同施肥模式下土壤碳(C)、磷(P)与微生物生物量C(MBC)、P(MBP)的变化及其耦合特征,旨在探讨黄壤地区合理培肥模式以提高土壤磷素有效性.试验包括10个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、磷钾配合(PK)、氮钾配合(NK)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、3种有机无机肥配施(1/4M+3/4NP、0.5MNP、MNPK).结果表明:与不施肥相比,N和NK处理土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、MBC、MBP均有不同程度的降低,施磷处理(PK、NP、NPK)则有不同程度的提升;与不施肥和施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥各处理TOC、MBC、MBP及MBP/TP均显著增加,其中M和MNPK处理增幅最大.MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP以施用有机肥处理最低,N处理最高.土壤MBC、MBP及其耦合关系与土壤TOC和有效磷均呈极显著相关,TOC是影响MBC、MBP、MBP/TP的直接因素,而有效磷则是影响MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP的直接因素.土壤MBP及碳、磷耦合关系各指标可以有效区分单施化肥和施用有机肥的不同施肥方式,可作为评价黄壤稻田磷素肥力的生物学指标.配施有机肥是增加黄壤稻田磷有效性、提高土壤供磷潜力和保持土壤生物健康的有效途径.     

On the Breeding Biology of Glyphidrilus annandalei MICHAELSON (Haplotaxida: Glossoscolecidae) and its Relation to the Various Physical and Chemical Factors

Glyphidrilus annandalei Michaelson exhibits a pronounced breeding period extending from September to November. Breeding individuals achieve their maximum frequency in September, when 50 per cent of the whole population was with fully developed clitellum. Studies on the physical and chemical conditions of the habitat revealed that breeding in this worm depends the monsoon of the area creating optimum conditions for the life and activities of the organism.     

Stable isotope and radiocarbon compositions of methane emitted from tropical rice paddies and swamps in Southern Thailand

Stable isotopes (¹³C, D) and radiocarbon weremeasured in methane bubbles emitted from rice paddies and swamps in southernThailand. Methane emitted from the Thai rice paddies was enriched in¹³C (mean ¹³C; –51.5 ±7.1 and–56.5 ± 4.6 for mineral soil and peat soil paddies,respectively)relative to the reported mean value of methane from temperate rice paddies(– 63 ± 5). Large seasonal variation was observed in¹³C(32) in the rice paddies, whereas variationinD was much more smaller (20), indicating that variation in¹³C is due mainly to changes in methane production pathways.Values of ¹³C were lower in swamps (–66.1 ±5.1)than in rice paddies. The calculated contribution of acetate fermentation from¹³C value was greater in rice paddies (mineral soils:62–81%, peat soils: 57–73%) than in swamps (27–42%). Din methane from Thai rice paddies (–324± 7 (n=46)) isrelativelyhigher than those from 14 stations in Japanese rice paddies ranging from–362 ± 5 (Mito: n=2) to –322 ± 8(Okinawa: n=3), due tohigher D in floodwaters. ¹⁴C content in methane produced fromThai rice paddies (127±1 pMC) show higher ¹⁴Cactivity compared with previous work in paddy fields and those from Thai swamps(110±2 pMC).     

Localization of iron-reducing activity in paddy soilby profile studies

Profiles of iron speciations (porewaterFe(II) and Fe(III), solid-phase Fe(II) andFe(III)) have been studied to localize both ironreduction and oxidation in flooded paddy soil. Sulfateand nitrate were determined to analyze interactions ofredox reactions involved in the iron cycle with thoseof the sulfur and nitrogen cycle. The development ofthe iron(II) and iron(III) profiles was observed inmicroscale over a time period of 11 weeks. After 11weeks the profiles were stable and showed lowestconcentrations of solid-phase iron(II) on the soilsurface with increasing concentrations to a soil depthof 10 mm ( 100 µmol/cm³). Profilesof iron(III) showed a maximum of iron(III) at a depthof 2 to 4 mm ( 100--200 µmol/cm³).Porewater iron(II) concentrations were three orders ofmagnitude lower than extracted iron(II) and indicatedthat most iron(II) was adsorbed to the solid-phase orimmobilized as siderite and vivianite. Diffusive lossof iron from the soil was indicated by iron recovery(0.3 µmol gdw^–1) in the flooding water after12 weeks. The organic content of the soil influencedthe concentrations of solid-phase iron(II) in deepersoil layers (> 6 mm); higher Fe(II) concentrationsin soil with limiting amounts of electron donors mayindicate lower consumption of CO₂ by methanogenicbacteria and therefore a higher sideriteprecipitation. Soil planted with rice showed similariron(II) profiles of fresh paddy soil cores. However,maximal iron(III) concentrations ( 350µmol/cm³) were present in planted soil at adepth of 1 to 2.5 mm where oxygen is provided by a matof fine roots. Sulfate and nitrate concentrations inthe porewater were highest on the soil surface (10µM NO₃ ^–, 40 µM SO₄ ^2–) anddecreased with depth. Similar profiles were detectedfor malate, acetate, lactate, and propionate, theconcentrations decreased gradually from the surface toa depth of 4 mm. Profiles of oxygen showed highestconcentrations at the surface due to photosyntheticproduction and a depletion of oxygen below 3 mm depth.Methane production rates measured from soil layersincubated separately in closed vessels were zero atthe soil surface and increased with depth. In soildepths below 4 mm where iron(III) concentrationsdecreased higher methane production rates werefound.     

秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤溶解有机碳含量和水稻产量的影响

以南粳44为供试材料,在粘土和砂土土壤中,设置麦秸秆不还田和全量还田(6000 kg·hm^-2)及3种施氮量(0、225、300 kg·hm^-2)试验,研究了麦秸秆全量还田的腐解率和有机碳释放量动态变化,及其对稻田0～45 cm土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量和水稻产量的影响.结果表明： 麦秸秆还田的前期(0～30 d)其腐解率和有机碳释放量最高,腐解率为35.0%(粘土)和31.7%(砂土),有机碳释放率为34.1%(粘土)和33.1%(砂土);30 d后两者均减小.施用氮肥可显著促进秸秆腐解和有机碳释放量,粘土中麦秸秆腐解率和有机碳释放量明显大于砂土.麦秸秆还田后土壤DOC含量逐渐增加,至25 d达最大值,粘土和砂土分别为60.18和56.62 mg·L^-1,此后逐渐减小并趋于稳定.麦秸秆还田处理15 cm处土壤DOC含量显著高于未还田处理,但两者在30和45 cm处土壤DOC含量差异不显著,说明秸秆还田主要增加了稻田0～15 cm土层DOC含量.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理土壤DOC含量降低,2种施氮处理间差异不显著.秸秆还田减少了水稻前期分蘖发生量,显著降低了有效穗数,增加了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,显著提高了水稻产量.     

南方稻田活性氮损失途径及其影响因素

基于文献数据,研究了南方不同稻区水稻生长期氧化亚氮排放(N₂O排放)、硝态氮或铵态氮淋洗(N淋洗)、硝态氮或铵态氮径流(N径流)、氨挥发(NH₃挥发)的差异及其影响因素.结果表明: N₂O排放、N淋洗和N径流主要发生在长江流域单季稻区,损失量分别为1.89、6.4和10.4 kg N·hm^-2,损失率分别为0.8%、3.8%和5.3%,较高施氮量和稻田土壤干湿交替可能是主要原因;NH₃挥发主要发生在华南晚稻,损失量和损失率分别为54.9 kg N·hm^-2和35.2%,晚稻生长期较高的温度可能是NH₃挥发较大的主要原因.田间优化管理措施减少某一途径氮损失的同时可能会增加另一种途径氮素损失,实际生产中应综合考虑田间管理措施对各种活性氮损失的影响,活性氮损失量随着水稻产量水平的提高而增加,主要是因为施氮量也在逐渐增加.随着氮肥偏生产力的增加,N₂O排放、N淋洗和N径流损失率逐渐下降,因此,努力减小单位产量的氮损失,是协同提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的重要途径.     

水稻土中铁还原菌多样性

微生物介导的异化Fe(III) 还原是非硫厌氧环境中Fe(III) 还原生成Fe(II) 的主要途径,然而相关的铁还原菌还不是很清楚,特别是在水稻土中.本文采用富集培养的方法,以乙酸和氢气作为电子供体,水铁矿和针铁矿作为电子受体,通过末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）技术和16S rRNA基因克隆测序相结合的分子生物学方法研究了水稻土中铁还原菌的多样性.结果表明：无论是以乙酸或氢气为电子供体,水铁矿或针铁矿为电子受体,地杆菌（Geobacter）和梭菌（Clostridiales）是富集到的主要微生物群落;乙酸为电子供体时,富集到的主要微生物群落还包括红环菌（Rhodocyclaceae）;因此,除地杆菌外,梭菌和红环菌很可能也是水稻土中重要的铁还原菌.     

Predatory Potential of Freshwater Animals on an Invasive Agricultural Pest, the Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), in Southern Japan

The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is an invasive species and a serious pest of rice in many Asian countries. We studied predatory activities of various animals living in Japanese freshwater habitats, by keeping each individual of a potential predator species with 36 snails of various sizes for three days in the aquarium. Forty-six species were tested, and 26 in eight classes fed on small snails. A species of leech, crabs, the common carp, turtles, the mallard duck and the Norway rat attacked even adult snails of 20–30 mm in shell height. These findings will be helpful in identifying effective predators for biological control of the pest snail. In addition, most of the animals attacking snails are reported to be common in rivers or ponds, but few live in modernized paddy fields having little connections with natural water systems. This may be a reason why this snail maintains large populations in paddy fields but not in other freshwater habitats.