大型真菌中谷氨酸生产菌的快速筛选

【背景】大型真菌是重要的食品和药物资源,可产生包括必需氨基酸在内的多种营养成分。谷氨酸是食用大型真菌中呈现鲜味的重要功能分子之一,是衡量食用菌营养价值的一个重要指标。【目的】基于伞菌目中谷氨酸合酶同源基因的保守性,对大型真菌中含有谷氨酸的菌株资源进行筛选,为野生大型真菌资源的挖掘及谷氨酸产品的开发提供指导。【方法】通过对伞菌目中已报道的25株谷氨酸合酶基因序列进行比对分析,在谷氨酸合酶保守的外显子区域设计了2对简并引物GS Ag_les F1/R1和GS Ag_les F2/R2,并将其用于对伞菌目13个科的65株大型真菌进行PCR筛选。另外,还采用异硫氰酸苯酯衍生化的方法结合LC-MS和HPLC对这65个菌株产生的谷氨酸进行定量分析,进而评估该筛选方法的筛选效率。【结果】获得筛选引物的筛选效率为86.2%,并且引物GS Ag_les F1/R1的筛选效率明显优于GS Ag_les F2/R2。优化后的伞菌目大型真菌谷氨酸发酵培养条件为：LMM培养基,28℃、200 r/min,2—4 d。结合PCR和HPLC的分析结果评估该引物筛选的真阳性率为81.5%,应用范围涉及伞菌目的口蘑科、泡头菌科、伞菌科、丝膜菌科、粪伞科、离褶伞科、侧耳科、鬼伞科和鸟巢菌科9个科。【结论】本研究获得的筛选引物在伞菌目产生谷氨酸的菌株筛选中显示出了良好的应用前景,为谷氨酸生产菌株提供了高效、便捷的筛选技术方法。     

Hydrobiology of the Marennes-Oléron bay. Seasonal indices and analysis of trends from 1978 to 1995

A hydrobiological monitoring network has been in place since 1977 in the Bay of Marennes Oleron (France). Data collected for physical variables (seawater temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration), nutrients (ammonium, nitrates, phosphates and silicates) and chlorophyll a and pheophytin, from 5 representative stations in the bay, were examined by time-series analysis (Census II method) to study seasonal variability and trends. The seasonal changes were similar over the entire Marennes Oleron Bay for all variables and were chiefly influenced by fluxes in the Charente river. The seasonal range reached 180 units for nitrates and 70 and 100 units respectively for phosphates and silicates. These values were similarly mostly correlated with the Charente River fluxes. With regard to long-term trends, seawater temperature has shown a significantly increasing trend close to 2 °C over 18 years. At the same time, a 1 °C gradient was demonstrated from the northern to the southern part of the Bay. The salinity trend varied between 30 and 34‰for all stations. The trend for oxygen concentration, ranged from 90 to 100% but during a specific two year period (1980–1982) saturation decreased to 76% in the northern part of the Bay. The trend analysis for nitrates showed a significant relationship with the water output level of the Charente. Phosphate inputs have been irregular during the two last decades which has affected primary productivity along the coastline (e.g., spring 1979–1983; 1990; 1993–1995). Since 1988, a significant increasing trend for ammonium was observed at the mouth of the Seudre river (4 μmoles l−1 ) while other stations were well below this, ranging from 1 to 3 μmoles l−1 . This should be considered as an indicator of seawater deterioration within the southern part of the Marennes Oleron Bay. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

牡蛎礁生境：海岸带可持续发展的潜在碳汇

牡蛎礁生境是指由聚集的牡蛎和其他生物及环境堆积形成的复合生态系统,其固碳和储碳潜力巨大,在海岸带生态系统中发挥着重要的作用。然而,目前对牡蛎礁生境碳源与汇的认识仍存在不足,主要在于牡蛎钙化和呼吸作用都释放CO₂,而碳源与汇的评估忽视了钙化、同化和沉积过程带来的整体碳汇价值及牡蛎礁生态系统功能带来的碳汇效应。因此,有必要重新认识牡蛎礁生境的碳汇价值。一方面,牡蛎礁生境的碳源和碳汇需要从牡蛎礁自身的整体碳循环中进行评估,包括牡蛎礁系统中的沉积、钙化、呼吸作用及侵蚀、再悬浮和再矿化作用; 另一方面,牡蛎礁生态系统服务引起的碳汇效应需从牡蛎礁的生态系统服务价值角度进行评估,将生态系统服务价值及碳价值进行关联,从而纳入碳汇核算体系。从实现海岸带可持续增汇角度出发,综述了牡蛎礁生境中碳的源与汇;阐述了容易被人们忽视的微生物在牡蛎礁生境碳汇中的作用;以保护和生态修复为目的,进一步提出可实现牡蛎礁生境最大潜在碳汇的策略,以期为实现海洋负排放及践行"国家双碳战略"提供理论和技术支撑。     

食用菌菌糠综合利用研究进展

中国是食用菌生产第一大国,每年产生约1亿多t菌糠,菌糠中含有大量的粗纤维和多糖等物质,但大部分菌糠都被当作废弃物直接丢弃或焚烧,造成严重的环境污染和资源浪费,同时也不符合我国新时期的环保政策,如何变废为宝,科学、环保、经济、合理地利用菌糠成为食用菌产业健康发展的重要环节。本文通过对食用菌菌糠综合利用的方式和现状进行阐述,探讨菌糠利用存在的主要问题,对未来菌糠利用的方向和发展趋势进行展望,为食用菌菌糠的高效利用提供参考和理论依据。     

基于文献信息的食用菌病害研究热点与趋势分析

病害是影响食用菌产量和品质的重要因素之一,目前尚缺少对食用菌病害研究现状与发展方向的直观了解。从2010年以来国内外发表的食用菌病害论文入手,对论文数量、发文期刊、被引率和研究机构进行了分析,展示了国内外食用菌病害的研究概况。此外,对相关论文进行了关键词共现分析,明确了国内外食用菌病害研究的热点。分析显示,绿霉病、褐斑病、蛛网病、病毒感染、湿泡病和软腐病是目前国内外最受关注的6类食用菌病害,干泡病的关注度日趋减少,而蛛网病侵染的食用菌种类持续增加。结合历史发文动态研究了食用菌病害的发生趋势,并认为环境有害微生物检测、消毒剂筛选和食用菌土传真菌病害防控将是未来食用菌病害的重点研究领域。     

中国菌根食用菌名录

菌根食用菌是一个未被合理利用的非木质林产品类群.通过文献和数据调研,本名录共收录532个中国菌根食用菌分类单元,它们隶属于28科62属,包括子囊菌门的39个分类单元以及担子菌门的493个分类单元.其中红菇科和牛肝菌科种类最丰富,红菇属、乳菇属、枝瑚菌属、蜡伞属、乳牛肝菌属、口蘑属、块菌属、牛肝菌属、鹅膏菌属和丝膜菌属是...     

Little effect of delayed mating on fecundity or fertility of female fungus gnats Lycoriella ingenua

The effect of delayed female mating for the mushroom fungus gnat Lycoriella ingenua is investigated. We examine the effect of delaying female mating on the fertility and egg viability of female flies that have a mating delay of 0–5 days after emergence. Male fly age is held constant. Female age does not impact male acceptance and most flies copulate within seconds of pairing. We find that female flies experiencing mating delays of 0–4 days after emergence lay a similar number of eggs onto artificial substrates. Females that experience a mating delay of 5 days lay 54% fewer eggs than those that mate on day 0 (day of emergence). There is no effect of mating delay on the percentage of larvae that emerge. The results of the present study indicate that mating delays have little effect on the fertility or fecundity of the mushroom fungus pest L. ingenua.     

Invasion success: does size really matter?

The recent paper by Roy et al . (2001) presents a compelling relationship between range limit shifts, climatic fluctuations, and body size for marine bivalves in the fossil record. However, their extension of body size as a correlate for contemporary marine bivalve introductions is problematic and requires further scrutiny. Unlike their analysis of the fossil assemblage, the approach used for contemporary invasions does not adequately control for dispersal mechanism (vector) or source region. First, their analysis included mariculture species, intentionally introduced because of their large size, creating a vector-specific bias. Second, successful invaders from multiple source regions (Northern Hemisphere) were compared with potential invaders from a single source region (north-eastern Pacific), leaving both source and vector as uncontrolled variables. We present an analysis of body size for bivalve introductions from a single vector and source region, indicating no correlation between body size and invasion success when eliminating intentional introduction, source region and transport vector as confounding factors.     

Mating system and DNA polymorphism of monokaryons with different mating type of Stropharia rugoso-annulata

The mating system of Stropharia rugoso-annulata Farlow apud Murrill was studied by pairing single spore isolates from the same fruitbody, and the genetic diversity of monokaryotic strains with different mating types was evaluated by the RAPD technique. Basidiospores could germinate normally on PGP (potato/glucose/peptone) medium at 30 °C. Analysis of self- and cross-pairings revealed that Stropharia rugoso-annulata was heterothallic and tetrapolar. RAPD analysis detected polymorphism among monokaryotic strains, with more genetic variation within monokaryotic strains with non-parental mating type compared to monokaryotic strains with parental mating type. These results were in general agreement with the existing knowledge, confirming the validity and usefulness of the RAPD technique. Therefore, the RAPD technique will provide an exciting and valuable tool for a large-scale study on identification and genetic resources of monokaryotic strains, and should lead to a more efficient understanding and utilization of genetic diversity of monokaryotic strains in cross breeding by breeders.     

Aversive phototaxic suppression: evaluation of a short‐term memory assay in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used to model human conditions that are associated with cognitive deficits including fragile‐X syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, sleep loss, etc. With few exceptions, cognitive abilities that are known to be modified in these conditions in humans have not been evaluated in fly models. One reason is the absence of a simple, inexpensive and reliable behavioral assay that can be used by laboratories that are not expert in learning and memory. Aversive phototaxic suppression (APS) is a simple assay in which flies learn to avoid light that is paired with an aversive stimulus (quinine/humidity). However, questions remain about whether the change in the fly’s behavior reflects learning an association between light and quinine/humidity or whether the change in behavior is because of nonassociative effects of habituation and/or sensitization. We evaluated potential effects of sensitization and habituation on behavior in the T‐maze and conducted a series of yoked control experiments to further exclude nonassociative effects and determine whether this task evaluates operant learning. Together these experiments indicate that a fly must associate the light with quinine/humidity to successfully complete the task. Next, we show that five classic memory mutants are deficient in this assay. Finally, we evaluate performance in a fly model of neurodegenerative disorders associated with the accumulation of Tau. These data indicate that APS is a simple and effective assay that can be used to evaluate fly models of human conditions associated with cognitive deficits.