林间花斑花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态及空间分布格局

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire以幼虫寄生松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus等天牛类害虫,掌握其幼虫时空动态和空间分布格局,有助于制定花绒寄甲的生物防治利用策略。通过对江西马尾松林花绒寄甲幼虫种群数量的调查,应用聚集度指标和回归分析等,对林间花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态、水平分布和垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明,林间花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态呈现极明显的波动性,全年数量动态有2个高峰期,其中主高峰期是4月份,占全年幼虫总数量的30%左右,是幼虫的主要寄生期,次高峰期是8月份。花绒寄甲幼虫水平空间分布为聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群,聚集的原因可能是花绒寄甲自身习性或与寄主天牛、环境因素共同作用所致。不同时间段,花绒寄甲幼虫的垂直分布情况不同,3-7月,花绒寄甲幼虫主要分布在枯死木的中上部,其中上段幼虫数占总数的50%以上,而在8-12月,花绒寄甲幼虫主要分布在枯死木的中段,占总数的50%左右。另外,调查显示,花绒寄甲幼虫寄生数量在释放过该天敌的松林要远高于未释放过的松林,特别是在马尾松纯林,其幼虫种群数量更高,这说明通过人工释放（江西在3月释放成虫）,能增加林间天敌花绒寄甲种群数量、降低松褐天牛种群数量,有助于松材线虫病的控制。花绒寄甲幼虫种群时空、水平、垂直三维空间分布结果可为该天敌的保护、人工释放和有效利用提供科学依据。     

条石鲷仔、稚、幼鱼脂肪酸组成变化研究

通过采用GC/MS法研究了条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)仔鱼、稚鱼及幼鱼阶段的脂肪酸组成和变化特点。共检测到28种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)13种,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)7种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)8种。结果表明:条石鲷鱼苗内源性营养阶段以饱和脂肪酸C16∶0、C20∶0及单不饱和脂肪酸C16∶1、C18∶1作为能量代谢的主要来源;必需脂肪酸C20∶4(n-6)(AA)、C22∶5(n-3)(DPA)和C22∶6(n-3)(DHA)在稚鱼期含量较低,∑EPA+DHA仅为6.89%,认为是发生稚鱼"胀鳔病"的主要原因;仔鱼开口前体内的DHA和EPA是由母体卵黄提供的。     

Hymenopteran parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae,Zodariidae)

Calymmochilus dispar Bouček & Andriescu (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) and Gelis apterus (Pontoppidan) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) are newly recorded as parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae). The larvae of both parasitoid species fed on juvenile spiders. The final instar larva and pupa of Calymmochilus dispar and the male of Gelis apterus are described for the first time. Both species represent new distribution records for Portugal. The biology and host associations of the parasitoids are discussed.     

扩散型与繁殖型松材线虫数字基因表达谱对比分析

【目的】松材线虫作为林业重大外来入侵种,扩散型幼虫的形成对其传播扩散起着非常重要的作用,但扩散虫态的形成与维持机制尚未阐明。【方法】通过构建松材线虫数字基因表达谱(DGE),从滞育状态的维持、化学感受、代谢途径等方面分析松材线虫不同虫态的基因表达差异。【结果】参考松材线虫基因组数据,鉴定出2种扩散型幼虫(LⅢ,LⅣ)和繁殖型幼虫(Ln)各有11184、8533和10781个基因。相对于繁殖型虫态,大多数基因在LⅣ中下调表达,该虫态中特异上调表达的基因有化感受体基因、核受体基因以及一些代谢相关基因。推测这可能与扩散型线虫滞育状态的维持相关,并在其生理功能如化学感受和媒介/寄主互作中发挥作用。GO和Pathway富集分析显示,多数代谢相关通路在LⅣ中下调表达,而在LⅢ中的表达均活跃。【结论】以上结果与LⅣ处于不进食、总体代谢水平较低等生理状态的表型相一致。     

普通齿蛉和单斑巨齿蛉(广翅目:齿蛉科)卵块及1龄幼虫形态学研究

本文以普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis Navás,1932和单斑巨齿蛉Acanthacorydalis unimaculata Yang et Yang,1986为例,描述和比较了广翅目齿蛉科齿蛉属和巨齿蛉属的卵块及1龄幼虫形态特征.结果显示普通齿蛉与单斑巨齿蛉的卵块和1龄幼虫在形态上有着较大差异:...     

Immature stages of the bee fly Ligyra satyrus (F.) (Diptera: Bombyliidae): A hyperparasitoid of canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

We describe the third- and fourth-instar larva, pupa and biology of the hyperparasitoid bee fly Ligyra satyrus (Fabricius). The larval and pupal morphology of the bee fly is typical for members of the subfamily Anthracinae. The bee fly larvae are found inside cocoons of the scoliid Campsomeris tasmaniensis Saussure, an external parasite of canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in sugarcane fields at Ayr and Bundaberg, Queensland. Ligyra satyrus has been recorded attacking only C. tasmaniensis . Ligyra and its relatives are all parasites of predatory and parasitic, ground-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera such as Sphecidae, Pompilidae, Tiphiidae and Scoliidae. Larval morphology of the hyperparasite is similar to other ectoparasitic Bombyliidae and pupal morphology is compared to that of species in the same and related subfamilies. Rates of hyperparasitism at Gordonvale reported in the early 1900s are relatively high, but our results show that currently they are very low at Ayr and Bundaberg. These results suggest that the impact of the bee fly on natural control of the canegrubs by scoliids varies considerably.     

Coding characters from different life stages for phylogenetic reconstruction: a case study on dragonfly adults and larvae,including a description of the larval head anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes (Odonata: Epiophlebiidae)

The exclusive use of characters coding for specific life stages may bias tree reconstruction. If characters from several life stages are coded, the type of coding becomes important. Here, we simulate the influence on tree reconstruction of morphological characters of Odonata larvae incorporated into a data matrix based on the adult body under different coding schemes. For testing purposes, our analysis is focused on a well‐supported hypothesis: the relationships of the suborders Zygoptera, ‘Anisozygoptera’, and Anisoptera. We studied the cephalic morphology of Epiophlebia, a key taxon among Odonata, and compared it with representatives of Zygoptera and Anisoptera in order to complement the data matrix. Odonate larvae are characterized by a peculiar morphology, such as the specific head form, mouthpart configuration, ridge configuration, cephalic musculature, and leg and gill morphology. Four coding strategies were used to incorporate the larval data: artificial coding (AC), treating larvae as independent terminal taxa; non‐multistate coding (NMC), preferring the adult life stage; multistate coding (MC); and coding larval and adult characters separately (SC) within the same taxon. As expected, larvae are ‘monophyletic’ in the AC strategy, but with anisopteran and zygopteran larvae as sister groups. Excluding larvae in the NMC approach leads to strong support for both monophyletic Odonata and Epiprocta, whereas MC erodes phylogenetic signal completely. This is an obvious result of the larval morphology leading to many multistate characters. SC results in the strongest support for Odonata, and Epiprocta receives the same support as with NMC. Our results show the deleterious effects of larval morphology on tree reconstruction when multistate coding is applied. Coding larval characters separately is still the best approach in a phylogenetic framework. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London     

Variation in Nymphon brevirostre (Hodge), and the status of N. rubrum (Hodge) (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)

A series of morphometric analyses conducted on specimens of Nymphon brevirostre Hodge and Nymphon rubrum Hodge from British waters has shown that the characteristics variously used in the past to distinguish these two species are invalid. In this material these characteristics range from the extreme of the typical N. brevirostre form to that of the typical N. rubrum form, with most of the specimens exhibiting an intermediate morphology. Multivariate analyses showed no significant splitting of the material into two groups which might correlate to Hodge's two species. Protonymphon larvae from males of both typical extreme forms were morphologically identical. It is concluded that N. rubrum is a junior synonym of N. brevirostre, a variable species whose morphology tends towards the rubrum form as the animal grows.     

The determination of sense organs in Drosophila: interaction of scute with daughterless

Summary Several genetic loci have been implicated in the formation of the peripheral nervous system during Drosophila embryogenesis. As a first step towards understanding the functional interrelationships between these genes, we have searched for dominant interactions between deficiencies for the achaete-scute complex (AS-C), daughterless (da) and six other regions necessary for peripheral neurogenesis in the embryo. We have found that adult flies doubly heterozygous for deletions of AS-C and of da, or of AS-C and a small region on the fourth chromosome, exhibit characteristic bristle defects, suggesting that these genes cooperate to form sense organs both in the embryo and in the adult.     

Record of a larval Parataeniophorus brevis from Hawaii

A 7.2 mm notochordal-length larva of Parataeniophorus brevis is described and illustrated from the fifth and the smallest specimen, collected near Hawaii. This larva is compared to all other described species of the family Mirapinnatidae, and is unique in having the unpaired fin rays developing in the finfold. The three species of Parataeniophorus can be distinguished on the basis of the number of dorsal-fin and anal-fin rays: bertelseni , 18–20 and 16–18; brevis , 13–16 and 13–15; gulosus 28–33 and 23–29, respectively.