樟子松幼树株高及其逆境生理指标对沙埋的响应特征

以3龄樟子松幼树为材料,2013年在科尔沁沙地研究了不同沙埋深度下其株高、叶片膜透性、渗透调节物质含量及保护酶活性变化,以揭示沙埋条件下樟子松幼树生长及其对逆境的生理响应特征。结果显示:(1)在沙埋深度低于株高以上2cm时被埋樟子松幼树能够正常生长,其株高和芽长均明显高于非沙埋对照,并以沙埋深度为株高的50%时增长幅度最大;当沙埋深度超过株高2cm以上时,虽然植株高度和芽长也较埋前有一定增长,但均低于对照,且所有处理植株均未破土,后来全部死亡。(2)所有沙埋处理的叶片可溶性糖含量均显著低于对照,而POD活性显著高于对照,可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量也高于对照。(3)随沙埋深度增加,叶片相对含水量总体呈增加趋势,但大多数处理与对照差异不显著;丙二醛含量基本呈显著下降趋势,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量先增加后下降,而大多数处理的膜透性与对照差异不显著;随着沙埋深度增加,叶片可溶性糖含量显著下降,SOD和POD活性均先增加后下降。(4)相关分析显示,樟子松幼树叶片膜透性变化与MDA含量变化相关性几乎为零,可溶性蛋白与脯氨酸含量呈显著正相关关系,可溶性糖含量与脯氨酸含量呈显著负相关关系。研究表明,沙埋深度低于樟子松株高以上2cm能够促进其幼树生长;沙埋并没有导致樟子松幼树体内的膜脂过氧化,也没有引起细胞膜的损伤,在受到沙埋胁迫时,樟子松幼树体内SOD、POD以及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸分别在防止其膜脂过氧化和维持细胞膨压中起到重要作用,而可溶性糖含量在沙埋过程中没有起到渗透调节作用。     

Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum

Green house study was aimed to investigate the effect of seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, viz. Th 56, 69, 75, 82 and 89 on growth of wheat under drought stress and to explore the mechanism underlying plant water stress resilience in response to Trichoderma inoculation. Measurements of relative water content, osmotic potential, osmotic adjustment, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and membrane stability index were performed. In addition, analysis of the phenolics, proline, lipid peroxidation and measurements of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity were carried out. Seed biopriming enhanced drought tolerance of wheat as drought induced changes like stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were delayed. Drought stress from 4 to 13 days of withholding water induced an increase in the concentration of stress induced metabolites in leaves, while Trichoderma colonisation caused decrease in proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and an increase in total phenolics. A common factor that negatively affects plants under drought stress conditions is accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and we tested the hypothesis that seed biopriming reduced damages resulting from accumulation of ROS in stressed plants. The enhanced redox state of colonised plants could be explained by higher l ‐phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity in leaves after 13 days of drought stress in Trichoderma treated plants. Similar activity was induced in untreated plants in response to drought stress but to a lower extent in comparison to treated plants. Our results support the hypothesis that seed biopriming in wheat with drought tolerant T. harzianum strains increased root vigour besides performing the process of osmoregulation. It ameliorates drought stress by inducing physiological protection in plants against oxidative damage, due to enhanced capacity to scavenge ROS and increased level of PAL, a mechanism that is expected to augment tolerance to abiotic stresses.     

Tuning plant signaling and growth to survive salt

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四季竹对不同浓度NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以夏秋季优良笋用竹种四季竹盆栽苗为材料,研究了土壤中1‰~6‰浓度NaCl(干重)处理对四季竹叶片脱落率、离子渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量的变化特征,以探讨四季竹的抗盐机理。结果表明:(1)随NaCl浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,四季竹叶片脱落率逐渐增加;四季竹在1‰~2‰NaCl浓度下的土壤中生长良好,在3‰~5‰浓度下随处理浓度的增大伤害逐渐加重,但这种伤害是可逆的,6‰是四季竹的半致死盐浓度。(2)叶片离子渗漏率随NaCl浓度的增大而显著增大,在6‰浓度处理下随处理时间的延长近直线升高,在3‰~5‰浓度下先升高后降低,而在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓且与同期对照无显著差异;叶片MDA含量随NaCl浓度的增大而增加,随处理时间的延长先增加后降低。(3)四季竹叶片SOD和POD活性在胁迫3~15 d均出现先下降后上升的过程,其有一定的锻炼适应性;叶片脯氨酸含量随NaCl处理浓度的增大而增加,其随处理时间的延长在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓,在3‰~6‰浓度处理下显著增加后减小;各浓度处理的可溶性蛋白含量随处理时间的延长先增加后减小,但均高于对照。研究发现,四季竹是较耐盐竹种,其可以通过调控自身保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,从而表现出一定的耐盐能力。     

万寿菊属不同品种初花期抗旱特性分析

以万寿菊属(Tagetes)9个品种为试验材料,研究了自然持续干旱胁迫对它们初花期的花最大直径、叶色、旱害指数等形态指标以及叶绿素含量(Chl a+b,Ch a/b)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶片保水力(WHC)、叶片和花的脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标的影响,以揭示其抗旱特性及其生理机制.结果显示:(1)持续6d干旱胁迫条件下,万寿菊9个品种花的最大直径显著降低,叶绿素含量和相对含水量均呈明显下降趋势.(2)万寿菊叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均呈上升趋势;而花的脯氨酸含量持续上升,可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,但可溶性糖含量变化趋势复杂.(3)万寿菊旱害指数与其叶片相对含水量、叶绿素总含量、叶片和花的脯氨酸含量、叶片可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著相关.研究表明,抗旱性强的品种可以通过调节自身的渗透调节物质含量减轻干旱伤害;9个品种初花期抗旱性强弱依次为:珍妮>金门>鸿运>拳王>巨人>发现>小英雄>大英雄>迪阿哥.     

MC1R-dependent, melanin-based colour polymorphism is associated with cell-mediated response in the Eleonora's falcon

Colour polymorphism in vertebrates is usually under genetic control and may be associated with variation in physiological traits. The melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) has been involved repeatedly in melanin-based pigmentation but it was thought to have few other physiological effects. However, recent pharmacological studies suggest that MC1R could regulate the aspects of immunity. We investigated whether variation at Mc1r underpins plumage colouration in the Eleonora's falcon. We also examined whether nestlings of the different morphs differed in their inflammatory response induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Variation in colouration was due to a deletion of four amino acids at the Mc1r gene. Cellular immune response was morph specific. In males, but not in females, dark nestling mounted a lower PHA response than pale ones. Although correlative, our results raise the neglected possibility that MC1R has pleiotropic effects, suggesting a potential role of immune capacity and pathogen pressure on the maintenance of colour polymorphism in this species.     

Roles of Aquaporin-3 Water Channels in Volume-Regulatory Water Flow in a Human Epithelial Cell Line

Membrane water transport is an essential event not only in the osmotic cell volume change but also in the subsequent cell volume regulation. Here we investigated the route of water transport involved in the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) that occurs after osmotic swelling in human epithelial Intestine 407 cells. The diffusion water permeability coefficient (Pd) measured by NMR under isotonic conditions was much smaller than the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) measured under an osmotic gradient. Temperature dependence of Pf showed the Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) of a low value (1.6 kcal/mol). These results indicate an involvement of a facilitated diffusion mechanism in osmotic water transport. A mercurial water channel blocker (HgCl₂) diminished the Pf value. A non-mercurial sulfhydryl reagent (MMTS) was also effective. These blockers of water channels suppressed the RVD. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry demonstrated predominant expression of AQP3 water channel in this cell line. Downregulation of AQP3 expression induced by treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides was found to suppress the RVD response. Thus, it is concluded that AQP3 water channels serve as an essential pathway for volume-regulatory water transport in, human epithelial cells.