NaCl胁迫对唐古特白刺愈伤组织的生理效应

以唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.)愈伤组织为材料,研究低(75 mmol/L)、中(150 mmol/L)、高(300 mmol/L)浓度NaCl处理下其膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性调节物含量的变化,试图从细胞水平揭示唐古特白刺适应盐环境的生理机制。结果显示:(1)唐古特白刺愈伤组织中MDA含量在低浓度NaCl处理下与对照无显著性差异,而在中高浓度下显著升高。(2)白刺愈伤组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在各浓度NaCl胁迫下均比对照显著升高,且此效应无浓度依赖性;其过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随胁迫浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在中低浓度下比对照显著增加,高浓度下显著降低为对照的64%;其过氧化物酶(POD)活性在低浓度下无显著性变化,在中高浓度显著下降为对照的55%和29%。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,白刺愈伤组织中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且除高浓度下可溶性蛋白含量约降为对照的87%外,其余NaCl胁迫处理的3种渗透调节物含量均高于对照。研究发现,白刺愈伤组织在低浓度的盐胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化酶活性和渗透性调节作用,因而表现出较强的抗氧化作用,但高浓度NaCl胁迫对白刺愈伤组织造成了显著的氧化损害。     

Understanding Saline and Osmotic Tolerance of Populus euphratica Suspended Cells

Tolerance of Populus euphratica suspended cells to ionic and osmotic stresses implemented respectively by NaCl and PEG (6000) was characterized by monitoring cell growth, morphological features, ion compartmentation and polypeptide patterns. The cells grew and proliferated when submitted to stresses of 137 mM NaCl or 250 g l⁻¹ PEG, and survived at 308 mM of NaCl, showing tolerance to saline and particularly osmotic stress. They were resistant to plasmolysis and had dense cytoplasms, large nuclei and nucleoli, and evident cytoplasmic strands under high saline and osmotic stress. The sequestration of Cl⁻ into the vacuoles was observed in the cells stressed with 137 and 223 mM NaCl. The cellular protein profile was modified by high salt and osmotic stress and showed 28 kDa polypeptides up-regulated by both NaCl and PEG, and 66 and 25 kDa polypeptides up-regulated only by high NaCl stress. The salt tolerance of P. euphratica cells might be related to their capacity of adapting to higher osmotic stress by maintaining cell integrity, sequestrating Cl⁻ into vacuoles and modulating polypeptides that reflect cellular metabolic adaptations.     

Osmotic water permeabilities of brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles from rat renal cortex and small intestine

Summary The osmotic water permeabilityP _f of brush border (BBM) and basolateral (BLM) membrane vesicles from rat small intestine and renal cortex was studied by means of stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Scattered light intensity was used to follow vesicular volume changes upon osmotic perturbation with hypertonic mannitol solutions. A theoretical analysis of the relationship of scattered light intensity and vesicular volume justified a simple exponential approximation of the change in scattered light intensity. The rate constants extracted from fits to an exponential function were proportional to the final medium osmolarity as predicted by theory. For intestinal membranes, computer analysis of optical responses fitted well with a single-exponential treatment. For renal membranes a double-exponential treatment was needed, implying two distinct vesicle populations.P _f values for BBM and BLM preparations of small intestine were equal and amount to 60 m/sec. For renal preparations,P _f values amount to 600 m/sec for the fast component, BBM as well as BLM, and to 50 (BBM) and 99 (BLM) m/sec for the slow component. The apparent activation energy for water permeation in intestinal membranes was 13.3±0.6 and in renal membranes, 1.0±0.3 kCal/mole, between 25 and 35°C. The mercurial sulfhydryl reagentpCMBS inhibited completely and reversibly the highP _f value in renal brush border preparations. These observations suggest that in intestinal membranes water moves through the lipid matrix but that in renal plasma membranes water channels may be involved. From the highP _f values of renal membrane vesicles a transcellular water permeability for proximal tubules can be calculated which amounts to 1 cm/sec. This value allows for an entirely transcellular route for water flow during volume reabsorption.     

水稻的光合作用、生长、碳同位素分辨作用及抗渗透胁迫性对CO_2浓度增高的响应(英文)

四个水稻 (OryzasativaL .)品种“IR72”、“特三矮 2号”、“桂朝 2号”和“Ⅱ优 44 80”在田间栽于含 35 μmol mol和 6 0 μmol molCO2 的塑料大棚中 ,自然光照。高浓度CO2 下供试水稻品种的光合速率变化表现为提高型 (“IR72”、“特三矮 2号”)、稳定型 (“桂朝 2号”的Pn几无变化 )和下调型 (“Ⅱ优 44 80”)。生长速率、穗重、由Δ1 3 C计算而得的长期水分利用效率和清除DPPH· 自由基的能力皆增加。除“Ⅱ优 44 80”外 ,其他 3个品种明显增高总生物量。供试品种的穗重 总生物量比不同程度地受到高浓度CO2 的改变。叶片段经PEG渗透胁迫后 ,不同的生长于高浓度CO2 者的电解质渗漏率较小。结果表明高浓度CO2 可改变水稻的光合作用和水分关系特性 ,品种间不同的响应显示了选育适于未来高浓度CO2 下具有高产和抗逆性品种的可能性。     

中国西部冬油菜种植的生态效应评价

为探讨在中国西部推广种植冬油菜的生态效益,以河西走廊4月份的冬油菜、冬小麦、麦茬和春播4种农田地表进行风洞模拟研究.结果表明：冬油菜具有显著的抗风蚀效果,其地表粗糙度可达4.08 cm,起动风速高达14 m·s^-1,而且在相同试验条件下,其风蚀模数和输沙率分别是春播农田的4.1%和485%,其土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶活性和微生物数量等的流失量也仅分别是春播农田的1.4%、5.1%、1.6%、2.7%、9.7%、3.6%、6.3%、6.7%和1.5%.因此,在地表风蚀的我国西部地区研发、推广种植冬油菜,可有效防治农田土壤风蚀,蓄水保肥,并可增加复种指数和经济效益,具有防治土地沙漠化、改善区域生态环境的作用.     

Changes in water status during water stress at different stages of development in wheat

The dynamics of stomatal resistance and osmotic adjustment in response to plant water deficits and stage of physiological development was studied in the leaves of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., GWO 1809). Plants were germinated and grown in pots in a growth chamber at the Duke University Phytotron to four physiological stages of development (4th leaf, 7th leaf, anthesis, and soft dough), during which time stomatal resistance, total water potential and osmotic potential were measured on the last fully developed leaf of water stressed and non-stressed plants. Pressure potential was obtained by difference. Stomatal closure of the abaxial and adaxial surfaces were independent of each other, each having a different critical total water potential. The total water potential required to close the stomata on the last fully developed leaf were different at different stages of physiological development, decreasing as the plants grew older. The development of osmoregulation in wheat allows the closure of stomata during the vegetative stage at a high total water potential, but insures that stomata remain open from anthesis through the ear filling period to a lower total water potential.     

A model of the effects of water stress on seed advancement and germination

A model of seed germination is proposed which uses a variable with the units of an osmotic potential (virtual osmotic potential) to integrate the effect of a constant or a varying water potential. This differs from existing models that describe the effects of fixed water potentials on germination, or the effects of fixed priming water potentials on the subsequent germination at a fixed water potential. When a seed is sown, the virtual osmotic potential is assumed to fall at a rate that depends on the ambient water potential, and on the difference between its current and a minimum value. Radicle growth is assumed to initiate when the difference between the ambient water potential and the virtual osmotic potential exceeds a threshold. The germination of carrot and onion seeds at various fixed potentials below 0 MPa was well described by the virtual osmotic potential model. The model was also used to simulate the results of experiments in which seeds were given a single step change in water potential.     

Discrepancies between water potential isotherm measurements on Pinus ponderosa seedling shoots: xylem hysteresis and apoplasmic osmotic potentials *

Abstract. Sap expression, air drying and a combined technique were used to measure the water potential isotherm of Pinus ponderosa Laws, seedling shoots with the pressure chamber. Discrepancies between water relations parameters derived from these techniques can be partially explained by air entry into air drying tissues, hysteresis in the xylem water potential isotherm and dilution of apoplasmic solutes during sap expression.     

Effect of osmotic stress on the derepression of invertase synthesis in nonconventional yeasts

AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of osmotic stress on the biosynthesis of invertase enzyme in nonconventional yeasts. METHODS AND RESULTS: Invertase activities of the nonconventional yeast species belonging to Kluyveromyces, Schwanniomyces and Pichia genus were measured either in the presence or in the absence of various amounts of NaCl. The effect of hyperosmotic stress on the glucose consumption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia anomala were also compared. Like S. cerevisiae, derepression of invertase synthesis in Kluyveromyces lactis, Schwanniomyces occidentalis and Pichia jadinii is inhibited by hyperosmotic stress. However, derepression of invertase synthesis in P. anomala is not affected by hyperosmotic stress. In addition, low levels of osmotic stress activated invertase synthesis three- to fourfold in P. anomala and K. lactis. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that low levels of osmotic stress induces the invertase synthesis at very high levels in P. anomala and K. lactis. Glucose consumption was not influenced at significant levels by the hyperosmotic stress in P. anomala. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows the activation of invertase synthesis by low levels of osmotic stress in P. anomala and K. lactis.