斑块面积对干燥-复水条件下藓类植物生理活性的影响

干扰会导致生物结皮斑块破碎并退化。为明确生物结皮斑块破碎诱发生物结皮退化机理,以黄土丘陵区土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)结皮为研究对象,研究了干燥-复水条件下,单株和直径1 cm、2 cm、3 cm、4 cm、5 cm的藓结皮斑块内土生对齿藓的干燥速率、渗透调节物质、丙二醛和光合色素含量等的变化,以期揭示干扰后生物结皮退化的生物学机理。结果表明(1)除单株外,干燥速率随斑块面积减小而增加,直径1 cm斑块内藓的干燥速率是直径5 cm的2倍。(2)反复干燥-复水25天后,直径小于5 cm的斑块内藓的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量低于直径5 cm斑块内藓的含量,丙二醛含量随斑块面积变化无明显规律。(3)干燥速率与斑块面积、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及叶绿素含量均呈极显著负相关。以上结果表明,藓结皮斑块面积通过影响斑块内藓类植物干燥速率进而影响其渗透调节和光合作用能力。藓结皮斑块面积减小,藓类植物干燥速率增大,生理活性降低,是藓结皮斑块破碎诱发其退化的原因。研究从藓类植物生理的角度,阐明了干扰后藓类植物衰亡的生理学原因,为生物结皮的保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

甘草叶片渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶对干旱胁迫的响应特性

该研究以甘草幼苗为试材,采用盆栽自然干旱方法,设计对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)、重度(SS)干旱胁迫处理,测定分析甘草叶片的渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶[蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶合成方向(Ss+)、蔗糖合成酶分解方向(Ss-)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)、淀粉磷酸化酶(SP)]活性的变化,以探讨甘草的渗透调节特性以及糖分调节的酶学机制,揭示甘草对干旱胁迫的响应机理。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,束缚水/自由水的比值呈先增加后降低的趋势。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但不同胁迫强度出现峰值的时间不同;其中在CK和LS干旱胁迫时蔗糖含量淀粉含量葡萄糖含量果糖含量,在MS和SS干旱胁迫时淀粉含量葡萄糖含量蔗糖含量果糖含量,表明随着干旱程度的增加,甘草叶片中蔗糖转化成了淀粉。(3)随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,甘草叶片的SPS活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,Ss活性和Inv(蔗糖转化酶)活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,SP活性呈逐渐降低的趋势;各胁迫处理的Ss+活性与CK差异不显著,而Ss-活性与CK差异显著,并且Ss-活性在各胁迫处理下远大于Ss+活性,表明甘草叶片Ss-活性在蔗糖代谢过程中占主导作用。(4)相关分析结果显示,在LS中,NI与蔗糖呈负相关关系,Ss-与淀粉呈显著正相关关系、与蔗糖呈负相关关系;在MS中,蔗糖和葡萄糖与SPS、Ss+、Ss-、NI和AI均呈正相关关系,与SP呈负相关关系;在SS中,SP和NI与蔗糖呈正相关关系,而与淀粉呈负相关关系;表明在轻度干旱处理下,Ss参加了蔗糖的分解,继而合成淀粉;在中度和重度干旱条件下,SP主要催化淀粉的分解来增加蔗糖含量以此平衡蔗糖代谢。     

万寿菊属不同品种初花期抗旱特性分析

以万寿菊属(Tagetes)9个品种为试验材料,研究了自然持续干旱胁迫对它们初花期的花最大直径、叶色、旱害指数等形态指标以及叶绿素含量(Chl a+b,Ch a/b)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶片保水力(WHC)、叶片和花的脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标的影响,以揭示其抗旱特性及其生理机制.结果显示:(1)持续6d干旱胁迫条件下,万寿菊9个品种花的最大直径显著降低,叶绿素含量和相对含水量均呈明显下降趋势.(2)万寿菊叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均呈上升趋势;而花的脯氨酸含量持续上升,可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,但可溶性糖含量变化趋势复杂.(3)万寿菊旱害指数与其叶片相对含水量、叶绿素总含量、叶片和花的脯氨酸含量、叶片可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著相关.研究表明,抗旱性强的品种可以通过调节自身的渗透调节物质含量减轻干旱伤害;9个品种初花期抗旱性强弱依次为:珍妮>金门>鸿运>拳王>巨人>发现>小英雄>大英雄>迪阿哥.     

外源ALA对干旱胁迫下山定子叶片叶绿素荧光特性及抗性生理指标的影响

以两年生山定子(Malus baccata(L.)Borkh)盆栽苗为材料,正常浇水为对照,控水条件下喷施不同浓度(0、25、50、75、100mg/L)5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),测定各持续干旱胁迫时期(第0、4、8、12天)叶片的抗旱生理指标及光合荧光参数,研究ALA对干旱胁迫下山定子叶绿素荧光和抗逆生理生化特性的影响及其调节机制。结果显示:(1)持续干旱胁迫条件下,外源ALA处理使得山定子叶片渗透调节物质(SS、SP、Pro)含量增加,抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、APX)活性升高,丙二醛(MDA)积累减少。(2)ALA处理增大了干旱胁迫下山定子叶片的气孔开度,促进叶绿素的合成,并对干旱引起的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光量子效率(YⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)及光合电子传递速率(ETR)的减小,以及PSⅡ调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y_(NPQ))、非调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y_(NO))和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ/4)的增大有明显的缓解作用。研究认为,外喷ALA能够有效缓解干旱胁迫对山定子生理代谢功能的损伤,但干旱胁迫条件下山定子对不同浓度ALA响应程度不尽相同,其中以75mg/L的ALA处理效果较为理想。     

双组分系统——细胞识别渗透胁迫信号的感应器

双组分系统是广泛存在于原核和真核细胞中的信号转导系统.主要由组氨酸蛋白激酶(HPK)和响应调节蛋白(RR)两个组分组成. 双组分系统信号通路一般包括信号的输入、HPK自身磷酸化、RR磷酸化、信号输出等环节.对双组分系统信号转导机制及其在渗透胁迫信号识别和传导中的作用进行了综述.     

Mapping QTLs associated with drought resistance in rice: Progress, problems and prospects

The use of molecular markers in the mapping of traits of agronomic importance holds great promise for speeding the development of improved plant varieties and increasing our understanding of the physiological or molecular mechanisms behind biological phenomena. The technique is now being applied to drought resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Drought is important because a considerable proportion of the world rice area is not irrigated and can be prone to water deficit. A large number of people, particular some of the poorest rice farmers, stand to gain if new varieties which combine high yield and drought resistance can be developed. Rice should be particularly useful for the molecular genetic analysis of drought resistance because of its growing role as a model monocot species and the diversity of drought resistance mechanisms which are found in the germplasm. We briefly review the traits which might be considered important in improving drought resistance in rice, before explaining the molecular mapping approach. We review progress at locating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for individual mechanisms of drought resistance in controlled environment conditions. This includes a detailed comparison of reported QTLs related to root morphological characters. The search for QTLs associated with field performance under drought stress is analysed and the problems associated with understanding the genetic control of a complex physical and physiological phenomenon under conditions of substantial environmental variation are highlighted. We emphasise that the use of near isogenic lines in overcoming some of the problems offers considerable promise for the future.(seconded from CIRAD-CA, France)     

中间锦鸡儿CiPUB22基因克隆与功能分析

中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)耐旱、耐寒、耐盐碱,是西北干旱地区的重要固沙灌木,筛选其优良抗逆境基因,可以作为林草基因工程的基因源。该研究在中间锦鸡儿干旱胁迫转录组文库中找到1条CiPUB22 (plant U box 22)基因的cDNA全长序列,CiPUB22基因包括1 260 bp开放阅读框,编码419个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,在脱水、盐和ABA处理1 h后CiPUB22基因表达量上升并达到最高水平,分别为对照表达量的12倍、35倍和7倍,干旱处理后12 d达到最高值,为对照的2.5倍,表明CiPUB22的转录水平受非生物胁迫诱导。构建CiPUB22基因的过表达载体并转化野生型拟南芥,对转基因纯合体株系抗逆性分析发现,在150 mmol/L NaCl、1 μmol/L ABA和400 mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系的萌发率均低于野生型,说明过表达CiPUB22基因降低了拟南芥在种子萌发过程中对盐和渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

Purification and partial characterisation of tentatively classified acid phosphatase from the earthworm Eisenia veneta

In order to use leakage of lysosomal acid phosphatase (AP) as a biomarker of stress to earthworms, more information about AP’s in earthworms are needed. This paper describes the details about tentatively classified APs in the earthworm Eisenia veneta. Two isoenzymes (enzyme I and II) of acid phosphatase (AP) and one alkaline phosphatase (enzyme III) from the earthworm E. veneta were separated by gel filtration. All three enzymes were further purified and concentrated on a Con A Sepharose 4B column. Enzyme I was inhibited by tartrate, showed an optimal pH range between 4.0 and 5.0 and was assumed to be of lysosomal origin. Enzyme II was the major enzyme showing the highest activity of the three enzymes. It was expected to be a lysosomal AP under physiological conditions. Enzyme II had a molecular mass 113 kDa and was composed of apparently identical polypeptide chains of 36 kDa each. This enzyme was inhibited by tartrate, showed an optimal pH in the range 6.0–7.5 and was slowly degraded at temperatures above 40°C. Enzyme III is not inhibited by tartrate and has a pH-optimum >9. The subcellular location under physiological conditions was assumed to be the cytosol.     

短期盐胁迫下盐穗木的转录组分析

盐穗木（Halostachys caspica）是荒漠盐碱地广泛分布的盐生植物,具有极强的耐盐性。为揭示盐胁迫下盐穗木基因组层面的基因表达变化特性,通过对300和500mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫3h的盐穗木同化枝进行了转录组测序。有效序列组装共得到153298条平均长度为643bp的unigenes,进行GO和KEGG功能聚类,分别获得47个GO功能小类和118个KEGG通路。差异表达基因分析显示,短期低盐（300mmol·L^-1）响应基因有4432个,高盐（500mmol·L^-1）响应基因有2580个,两个胁迫的共差异基因有1245个,主要富集在细胞过程、代谢过程和响应刺激等类别中。从短期盐胁迫下盐穗木转录组筛选出渗透调节和活性氧清除的相关基因,大多为上调基因。说明盐穗木能够通过促进渗透调节和增强活性氧清除提高短期的盐胁迫适应能力。     

渗透胁迫下白花柽柳消减文库的构建及分析

用PEG6000对白花柽柳进行渗透胁迫,以其叶部cDNA为试验方（tester）,正常生长的白花柽柳叶部cDNA为驱动方（driver）,利用抑制性消减杂交技术（SSH）构建了渗透胁迫下白花柽柳的消减文库。提取重组质粒经PCR检测,插入片段大部分集中在250～650 bp之间。通过对文库阳性克隆的随机测序,获得了如脯氨酸转移蛋白、钙依赖蛋白激酶、亮氨酸拉链蛋白、类转录起始因子蛋白等23个与渗透胁迫有关的EST,它们涉及了植物的渗透调节、信号传递、基因调控、活性氧清除、新陈代谢等生理生化过程。