Naturalization of exotic plant species in north‐eastern North America: trends and detection capacity

Aim To reconstruct historical naturalization trends of exotic vascular plants in Quebec and Massachusetts, two regions that experienced fluctuations in their herbarium specimen collection efforts. We hypothesized that the observed trends are linked to the collection effort and that they differ according to the motive for plant introduction. Methods A checklist of naturalized exotic plant taxa for Quebec, including oldest proof of naturalization and motive for introduction, was built from herbaria, journals, dissertations, theses, bulletins, websites and unpublished records. For Massachusetts, we used the checklist of Sorrie (2005; Rhodora, 107 , 284–329). The collection effort was estimated from a pool of species with specimens from the five largest Quebec herbaria and from the Harvard University Herbarium. Results Naturalization trends of exotic plants in Quebec are similar to those observed in Massachusetts. A large part of the plants naturalized in the 17th, 18th or 19th centuries, with very little naturalization during the last 30–90 years. In general, there is a significant statistical link between herbarium specimen collection effort and the discovery of new naturalized plant taxa. Very few utilitarian plants naturalized in either region during the 20th century. In Quebec, a high number of ornamental plants naturalized during the last 100 years. Main conclusions The link between herbarium specimen collection effort and the discovery of new naturalized plants is real, although not as straightforward as it seems. Our analysis suggests that at least part of the decline in the number of new naturalized exotic plants observed in Quebec and Massachusetts during the last 30–90 years is a direct consequence of the low interest for traditional floristic studies. However, the possibility of a real decline cannot be ruled out. We nevertheless provide here one of the first pieces of evidence of the potential consequences of the decline of local plant collection for environmental management and especially for early detection systems of new invaders.     

名医素质特征与培养规律的初步研究

目的 探索名医的基本素质特征和培养规律。方法 在文献检索和专家访谈的基础上,采用自设问卷方式进行调查,并对调查结果数据进行统计分析。结果 知名医学专家与患者及家属在名医的内涵、培养目标、成长历程等问题上的观点是一致的,但在名医的培养周期、评价标准、培养方式等问题上存在着不同的观点。结论 名医不仅要拥有精湛的医术和高尚的医德,还要得到老百姓和医师同行的认可。名医的成才需要良好的成长环境和自由发展的空间,在成长的过程中我们可以通过发挥个人主观能动性,增强科室内部凝聚力,健全医师的考核体系,缓解紧张的医患关系,改革医学的教育模式等途径来培养名医。     

梯度水分对鱼腥草生长及生理特征的影响

以不同的施水量,模拟自然生境中林下鱼腥草不同水分条件,设置了8个水分梯度,研究梯度水分对鱼腥草生长和生理特征的影响,以建立鱼腥草生态栽培模式。结果表明:水分的减少或增加均显著减少生物量,中度、重度干旱和水淹明显降低株高和叶面积指数。重度干旱显著提高根冠比。除轻度湿润组外,水分的减少或增加,均显著提高MDA含量;与对照组相比,各干旱处理组SOD和CAT活性和MDA含量明显增强;除脯氨酸含量以外,湿润各处理组CAT、POD、SOD活性和MDA含量均明显低于干旱各处理组;水淹时,CAT、POD、SOD活性、MDA和脯氨酸含量均较低。说明中度干旱或中度湿润已对鱼腥草形成逆境胁迫。栽培鱼腥草的水分条件可以控制在轻度干旱和轻度湿润之间。     

江西园蛛科蜘蛛区系研究

据作者调查和文献报道,本文列出了江西产90种园蛛在江西、中国和全球的地理分布;在世界动物地理区划水平上,江西园蛛主要由东洋界以及东洋界和古北界成分组成;在中国动物地理区划水平上,江西园蛛主要由华中区,华中区+华南区+西南区以及华中区+西南区跨界成分组成;与国内23省(区)区系组成比较,江西园蛛与湖南的共有种最多,与西藏共有种最少;文章最后分析了江西园蛛物种结构的特点.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for the ornamental discus fish Symphysodon discus and cross-species amplification in other Heroini cichlid species

The discus fishes (Symphysodon spp.) are economically important ornamental species. Thirteen microsatellite markers were developed from a CT(12) - and CA(12) -enriched whole genomic DNA library of Symphysodon discus. Allelic variability was tested on 44 individuals of two species (S. discus and S. aequifasciatus). Allelic richness ranged from two to 11 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities from 0.083 to 0.998. All loci were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and no pair of loci showed linkage disequilibrium within a species. Cross-species amplification was also successfully performed in the Neotropical cichlids Uaru amphiacanthoides, Hoplarchus psittacus, Hypselecara coryphaenoides, Pterophyllum sp., Mesonauta sp. and Heros sp.     

Combining multiple biomarker models in logistic regression

Summary .   In medical research, there is great interest in developing methods for combining biomarkers. We argue that selection of markers should also be considered in the process. Traditional model/variable selection procedures ignore the underlying uncertainty after model selection. In this work, we propose a novel model-combining algorithm for classification in biomarker studies. It works by considering weighted combinations of various logistic regression models; five different weighting schemes are considered in the article. The weights and algorithm are justified using decision theory and risk-bound results. Simulation studies are performed to assess the finite-sample properties of the proposed model-combining method. It is illustrated with an application to data from an immunohistochemical study in prostate cancer.     

千佛山自然保护区种子植物区系特征研究

在对千佛山自然保护区详细调查的基础上,对其种子植物的科、属分布区类型进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)保护区内种子植物丰富,共153科767属2494种;(2)优势科、属明显;(3)区系起源古老;(4)种子植物地理成分复杂,吴征镒划分的中国种子植物属的15大分布类型在千佛山均有分布;(5)种子植物区系在科和属级水平上均显示出温带性质,温带分布属475属,占总属数的61.9%;(6)特有属、种丰富。     

棉花蔗糖合成酶(SuSy)分子结构特征与功能预测分析

从生物信息学角度,利用http://www.us.expasy.org、http://www.ch.embnet.org和NCBI的核酸/蛋白质结构特征在线分析工具,对棉花蔗糖合成酶（SuSy,sucrose synthase E.C.2.4.1.13）基因及其推导的氨基酸序列进行结构特征和功能域预测分析,探讨了棉花蔗糖合成酶的亲/疏水性、信号肽、跨膜拓扑结构、卷曲螺旋结构及功能域。结果表明该酶具有2个卷曲螺旋区段;20-30和190-215氨基酸区域,没有信号肽,是一个非跨膜的亲水性稳定蛋白,包含两个功能结构域7-555（Sucrosc-synth）和568-747（Glycose-transf-1）,分别行使蔗糖合成功能,糖基化合物（UDP、ADP、GDP或CMP）转移功能。     

中国石榴品种资源经济性状研究

本文测定了34个中国石榴主栽品种的单果重、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比等9个经济性状,根据测定结果对各品种果实品质进行了模糊综合评判.结果表明,皖榴3号、皖榴2号、皖榴1号、大笨子等品种品质最佳;提出了评判结果等级划分的方法;各品种经济性状的相关与回归分析结果显示,果实百粒重与出汁率,可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量与糖酸比,出汁率与糖酸比,糖酸比与可溶性糖含量均呈极显著正相关(α=0.01,F＞F0.01);出汁率与果皮光洁度呈极显著负相关(a=0.01,F＞0.01);主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分累积方差贡献率达到87.67%,基本概括了全部9个性状的主要信息.     

胡萝卜吸附式低温干燥特性的研究

对胡萝卜吸附式低温干燥过程的干燥特性进行了试验研究。考察了干燥气体 (空气 )的湿度和风量以及物料粒度对胡萝卜干燥特性和复水比的影响 ,得到形状相似的干燥曲线 ,用自定义最小二乘法拟合均能获得较好的结果。结果表明 :吸附式低温干燥过程可使被干燥物料达到超干水平 (含水率 <5 % ) ;增加干燥气体流量对干燥过程进行有利 ,当气体流量从 2 0 0L/h增加到 4 0 0L/h时 ,胡萝卜含水率从 4 1 13%降低到 34 93% ;被干燥物料颗粒大小和形状对干燥过程有显著影响 ;经过吸附式干燥后的胡萝卜色泽鲜艳 ,无褐变 ,外表品质优于热风干燥。吸附式低温干燥后胡萝卜的复水比 (6 5 2 )显著高于热风干燥 (1 78)。