药物基因组学相关P450和ABCB1多态性及SNP检测技术

药物基因组学（phamacogenomics）是临床检测遗传差异引起药物应答个体性差异的学科,它涉及药物代谢和有害的药物反应的预测等方面的内容。个性化药物和个性化治疗发展的关键条件是能够快速简便的检测出病人的遗传多态性。文章综述了药物基因相关问题,细胞色素酶1）450和ABCB1转运蛋白的遗传多态性以及检测遗传多态性的相关技术。     

Simvastatin与rhG—CSF促进兔颈总动脉球囊损伤后内膜修复的实验研究

目的：观察辛伐他汀及重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（rhG—CSF）在兔颈总动脉内膜损伤后对血管壁变化及外周血中CD34＋细胞含量的影响。方法：雄性新西兰大白兔48只,随机均分为：单纯损伤组,辛伐他汀组,rhG—CSF组及辛伐他汀和rhG—CSF联合组（简称联合组）,建立兔左颈总动脉内膜球囊导管损伤模型,术后给予辛伐他汀（10mg／kg／d经胃灌入）及rhG．CSF（100μg／a皮下注射）干预治疗,每组分别于术前1d、术后7d、14d、21d、28d抽取静脉血2ml,经流式细胞仪检测外周血中CD34＋细胞含量;4周后处死所有动物取损伤段血管,弹力纤维染色,计算内膜厚度、中膜厚度、管腔面积（S）、内膜面积（si）、中膜面积（Sm）TLSi／Sm比值评价血管再狭窄程度。结果：①术前4组之间相比外周血CD34＋细胞含量无明显差异（P〉0．05）;术后7d时各组外周血CD34＋细胞含量最高,后逐渐下降,28d较低,但仍高于术前含量;rhG—CSF组及联合组与对照组相比外周血CD34＋细胞明显增多（P〈O．01,P〈0．01）;术后7d、14天时辛伐他汀组与单纯损伤组相比外周血cD34＋细胞无明显差别（P〉0．05）。术后21d、28天时辛伐他汀组与单纯损伤组相比外周血CD34＋细胞有显著差异（P〈0．05）。②与单纯损伤组相比辛伐他汀组、rhG—CSF组及联合组Si／Sm比值明显减小（P〈0．05）;辛伐他汀组和rhG—CSF组两组间比较无显著差别（P〉0．05）;联合组分别与辛伐他汀组、rhG-CSF组比较血管内膜增生更少,具有显著性（P〈0．01,P〈0．01）,结论：本实验研究发现辛伐他汀可促进损伤内膜修复及预防血管再狭窄,长期服用可以增加外周血CD34＋细胞;rhG—CSF可明显增加外周血CD34＋细胞及预防血管在狭窄;辛伐他汀与rhG—CSF联合用药可明显增加外周血CD34＋细胞、加速内皮修复与预防再狭窄,较单一用药具有更好的疗效。     

外源性硫化氢对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆炎症因子的影响

目的：研究外源性硫化氢（H2S）对创伤失血性休克大鼠炎症反应的影响。方法：选择健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为四组：假手术组（Sham）,模型组（HTS）,生理盐水组（NS）,NaHS处理组（NaHS）,采用创伤失血性休克模型,Sham组完成所有手术操作,但不放血和复苏,HTS组完成所有手术操作放血后给予Ringer＇s液复苏,NS组放血后在Ringer＇s液复苏前腹腔注射与NaHS组等容量的生理盐水,NaHS组在复苏前给与NaHS28μmol/kg（生理盐水稀释至0.5ml）腹腔注射。持续监测各组平均动脉压（MAP）及心律（HR）,并通过测定血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10浓度的变化,观察外源性硫化氢对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆炎症因子的影响。结果：①与HTS组及NS组比较,NaHS组复苏后MAP明显改善（P〈0.05）。②与HTS组及NS组比较,复苏后1小时NaHS组血浆TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6浓度明显降低（P〈0.05）;而IL-10浓度四组间差异不明显（P〉0.05）。结论：外源性硫化氢可改善创伤失血性休克大鼠复苏后平均动脉压及抑制复苏后早期炎症反应。     

Patterns of variability in early-life traits of fishes depend on spatial scale of analysis

Estimates of early-life traits of fishes (e.g. pelagic larval duration (PLD) and spawning date) are essential for investigating and assessing patterns of population connectivity. Such estimates are available for a large number of both tropical and temperate fish species, but few studies have assessed their variability in space, especially across multiple scales. The present study, where a Mediterranean fish (i.e. the white seabream Diplodus sargus sargus) was used as a model, shows that spawning date and PLD are spatially more variable at a scale of kilometres than at a scale of tens to hundreds of kilometres. This study indicates the importance of considering spatial variability of early-life traits of fishes in order to properly delineate connectivity patterns at larval stages (e.g. by means of Lagrangian simulations), thus providing strategically useful information on connectivity and relevant management goals (e.g. the creation of networks of marine reserves).     

The social position of multiracial groups in the United States: evidence from residential segregation

I use multiple perspectives on the racial order in the United States to generate hypotheses about the social position of mixed-race groups. Perspectives that view the racial order as binary, ternary with an undifferentiated middle, or ternary with a stratified middle present different expectations for the social position of multiracial groups. I use a group's level of residential segregation as an index of social position. In 2000, multiracial persons lived in neighbourhoods that were more white than the neighbourhoods of single-race minorities, though more diverse than the neighbourhoods of whites. Thus, multiracial groups appear to occupy an intermediate social position relative to blacks and whites, a finding that supports contemporary arguments about shifting colour-lines in the United States and the emergence of a triracial system of stratification. Yet, findings also suggest that the social space between blacks and whites is, itself, racially stratified.     

White doctors and nurses on racial inequality in health care in the USA: whiteness and colour-blind racial ideology

In this paper we report on an interdisciplinary project interviewing doctors and nurses about racial inequality in health care in the USA. We analysed data from interviews with twenty-two white doctors and nurses in which they were asked to offer explanations for racial inequality in health care. Results provide insight into how whiteness operates to provide white patients more often with appropriate health care and how colour-blind ideology can be adapted to accommodate naming white advantage and potential racial discrimination. However, even when naming mechanisms of white advantage in accessing resources, the white respondents avoided acknowledging how they are implicated in racial inequality in health care. We discuss the implications for understanding whiteness and colour-blind ideology.     

Microhabitat selection of five sigmodontine rodents in a forest-steppe transition zone in northwestern Patagonia

In a transition zone between Andean forests and Patagonian steppe, local populations of five sympatric species of sigmodontine rodents (Abrothrix longipilis, A. xanthorhinus, Eligmodontia morgani, Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, Reithrodon auritus) were examined for their microhabitat use. The study area represents a herbaceous steppe with sparse bushes. Over a four-year period, monthly samples were obtained by baited traps. The vegetation cover at each trapsite was monitored. The capture frequency in a particular microhabitat turned out to be strongly correlated with the local vegetation cover. This result is interpreted as a species-specific selection at a fine spatial scale of those microsites which resemble the characteristic environment in the area of main biogeographic occurrence of each of the rodents. The data on preferential microhabitat use might gather importance considering that two of these sigmodontine species are Hantavirus reservoirs.     

Identification of MRI1, encoding translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit alpha/beta/delta-like protein,as a candidate locus for infantile epilepsy with severe cystic degeneration of the brain

Several neurodegenerative disorders are known to predominantly affect the white matter of the brain including vanishing white matter disease (VWMD), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by leukodystrophy of varying severity in addition to variable systemic involvement. We report a consanguineous Arab family with three affected children, all of whom presented with severe neonatal epilepsy and profound neurodegenerative disease characterized by marked leukodystrophy with white matter cavitation mimicking VWMD. We combined autozygome and exome analysis to identify a novel variant in the gene encoding a member of the eIF2B-related family of proteins (MRI1). This is a poorly understood family of proteins of unclear function. Our results represent the first link between a variant in a member of this family and a human disease, and suggest that it converges with the highly homologous eIF2B, known to be mutated in VWMD, on the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.     

Multiorgan autoimmunity in a Turner syndrome patient with partial monosomy 2q and trisomy 10p

Turner syndrome is a condition caused by numeric and structural abnormalities of the X chromosome, and is characterized by a series of clinical features, the most common being short stature and gonadal dysgenesis. An increased frequency of autoimmune diseases as well as an elevated incidence of autoantibodies has been observed in Turner patients.     

Beneficial effects of IKKε-deficiency on body weight and insulin sensitivity are lost in high fat diet-induced obesity in mice

Activation of the classical IκB kinases (IKKα and IKKβ) was previously shown to contribute to obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Using knockout mice, we investigated whether the related isoform IKKε plays a similar metabolic role.IKKε^−/− mice had reduced body weight, leptin levels, as well as higher insulin sensitivity when kept on chow diet. However, inflammatory parameters, measured in liver, adipose tissue and plasma, were either unaltered or showed a trend toward up-regulation (liver NF-κB activity, TNFα and IL-1β expression). Chronic feeding of a high fat diet induced equal obesity and insulin resistance, and similarly induced inflammatory markers, in IKKε^−/− and wild-type mice, indicating that under high caloric conditions the inflammatory and metabolic effects of IKKε deficiency were overridden.Taken together, our data indicate that IKKε does not have general pro-inflammatory properties in liver and adipose tissue, and suggest that reduced adiposity is the primary mechanism for improved insulin sensitivity in IKKε^−/− mice on chow diet.