Involvement of regulatory volume decrease in the migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

The transwell chamber migration assay and CCD digital camera imaging techniques were used to investigate the relationship between regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and cell migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE-2Z cells). Both migrated and non-migrated CNE-2Z cells, when swollen by 47% hypotonic solution, exhibited RVD which was inhibited by extracellular application of chloride channel blockers adenosine 5‘-triphosphate (ATP), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) and tamoxifen. However, RVD rate in migrated CNE-2Z cells was bigger than that of non-migrated cells and the sensitivity of migrated cells to NPPB and tamoxifen was higher than that of nonmigrated cells. ATP, NPPB and tamoxifen also inhibited migration of CNE-2Z cells. The inhibition of migration was positively correlated to the blockage of RVD, with a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.99, suggesting a functional relationship between RVD and cell migration. We conclude that RVD is involved in cell migration and RVD may play an important role in migratory process in CNE-2Z cells.     

Light and water-use efficiencies of pine shoots exposed to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature

An automatic gas exchange system was used to continuously measure water and carbon fluxes of attached shoots of Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown in environment-controlled chambers for a 3-year period (1998-2000) and exposed to either normal ambient conditions (CON), elevated CO2 (+350 micro mol mol-1; EC), elevated temperature (+2-6 degrees C; ET) or a combination of EC and ET (ECT). EC treatment enhanced the mean daily total carbon flux per unit projected needle area (Fc.d) by 17-21 %, depending on the year. This corresponds to a 16-24 % increase in light-use efficiency (LUE) based on incident photosynthetically active radiation. The EC treatment reduced the mean daily total water flux (Fw.d) by 1-12 %, corresponding to a 13-35 % increase in water-use efficiency (WUE). The ET treatment increased Fc.d by 10-18 %, resulting in an 8-19 % increase in LUE, and Fw.d by 48-74 %, resulting in a reduction of WUE by 19-34 %. There was no interaction between CO2 and temperature elevation in connection with either carbon or water fluxes, as the carbon flux responded similarly in both ECT and EC, while the water flux in the ECT treatment was similar to that in ET. Regressions indicated that the increase in maximum LUE was greater with increasing air temperature, whereas changes in WUE were related only to high vapour pressure deficit. Furthermore, changes in LUE and WUE caused by ECT treatment displayed strong diurnal and seasonal variation.     

青藏高原东缘林线交错带糙皮桦幼苗光合特性对模拟增温的短期响应

采用开顶式生长室(OTC)模拟增温对植被影响的研究方法, 研究了青藏高原东缘林线交错带糙皮桦(Betula utilis)光合特性对模拟增温的响应。结果表明: 与对照样地相比, OTC内日平均气温(1.2 m)在植物生长季中增加2.9 ℃, 5 cm土壤温度增加0.4 ℃。增温使糙皮桦幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)分别增加17.4%、21.4%和33.9%, 但对糙皮桦幼苗叶片的水分利用率(WUE)却没有明显影响, 而对糙皮桦的叶氮浓度却表现为显著的负效应。同时, 增温能显著增加糙皮桦幼苗的最大同化速率(P_nmax) (+19.6%)、暗呼吸速率(R_d) (+14.3%)、表观量子效率(AQY) (+7.9%), 但对其光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)却没有明显的影响。此外, 增温使糙皮桦幼苗叶片的最大羧化速率(V_cmax)和电子传递速率(J)分别增加了12.3%和11.7%, 而磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)和CO₂补偿点(CCP)对增温却并不敏感。该研究表明, 模拟增温对林线糙皮桦光合生理总体上表现为正效应, 这有可能帮助该物种对未来气候变化更快更好地适应。     

Base water potential of Picea abies as a characteristic of the soil water status

Variation in base water potential (Ψ_b, a daily maximum level of plant water potential, which is presumed to correspond to the condition of equilibrium between the soil and plant water potentials) was examined in shoots of Norway spruce trees growing in well-drained and waterlogged soils. The influence of soil water content, air temperature, and vapour pressure deficit of the atmosphere on Ψ_b was studied using the pressure chamber technique. Maximum daily water potentials were not always observable before dawn; some were registered up to two hours later. This tendency being characteristic of trees growing under stress (shade, waterlogging) conditions, increased with declining soil water availability. In trees growing in well-drained soil, Ψ_b depended asymptotically on the available soil water storage (R²=0.73), while the values were slightly influenced by vapour pressure deficit of the atmosphere as well. In trees growing in waterlogged soil, Ψ_b was independent of the soil water storage, but sensitive to the vapour pressure deficit.     

Experimental determination of whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice exposed to 200-400 MHz CW

A maximum of six live mice, mouse cadavers, prolate spheroids molded from muscle-equivalent tissue, or saline-filled culture flasks, were exposed to continuous wave radiation in a TEM cell at frequencies between 200 and 400 MHz. Whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined from power meter measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. The SARs for both live mice and cadavers were approximately twice that for the prolate spheroid models, and when housed in Plexiglas restraining cages, about 2 1/2 times greater. An error multiplying factor is identified, that quantitatively expresses how SAR data obtained by the three-power-meter method becomes progressively more noisy as the irradiation frequency is lowered or as the TEM cell cross section is increased.     

A new principle of cell cultivation: No air-liquid interface but gas exchange across a synthetic membrane

Summary A completely liquid-filled growth chamber for axenic cultures ofTetrahymena pyriformis is described; gas exchange is ensured across a synthetic membrane. The chamber may be incorporated into a continuous flow system with inoculation and removal of cell samples under sterile conditions. Initially, the generation time of the cells was slightly prolonged, about 10%, but after some cell doublings decreased to 5%. The capacity of the cells to form food vacuoles (endocytosis) was unaltered during growth in the chamber. The synthetic membrane was highly permeable to O₂ and CO₂; however, cells grown in the chamber contained small refractive granules. The culture chamber permits the culture volume to be varied and it may be used for other protozoa, bacteria, and even tissue culture cells.     

Studies on the development of the air pores and air chambers ofMarchantia paleacea

Summary The preprophase-prophase initial aperture (IA) cells ofMarchantia paleacea undergo a particular sequence of protoplasmic changes, which reflects the establishment of an unusual premitotic polarization. The marking feature of preprophase-prophase thallus cells is the shape of the nucleus which becomes spindle-shaped. This phenomenon accompanies the organization of an extranuclear microtubule (MT) sheath, nucleated and/or organized by distinct polar MT organizing centres (MTOCs).The interphase MTs disappear after activation of polar MTOCs. In preprophase IA cells incomplete preprophase MT bands (PMBs) are organized. They consist of PMB portions which traverse only small portions of the cell cortex at the level of the future cytokinesis and do not form a complete ring. In the same cells other MT bundles, independent of the incomplete PMBs terminate in the cortical cytoplasm abutting on the lower part of the intercellular spaces (ISs) or the surface cavities (SCs). Almost complete or complete PMBs are organized in IA cells in which the plane of PMB formation coincides with that passing through ISs of the same growth.The observations suggest that in preprophase-prophase IA cells ofMarchantia paleacea cortical MTOCs function in regions distant from each other: One region is the PMB cortical cytoplasm, probably that covering the wall edges, and the other is the one adjacent to the lower part of the wall facing the IS(s) or that underlying the SCs. The competition between the cortical MTOCs as well as between them and the polar ones may be responsible for the organization of incomplete PMBs.     

Behavior of Carpophilus hemipterus in a vertical flight chamber: transition from phototactic to vegetative orientation

The freeflight behavior of Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) was investigated in a vertical flight chamber to measure takeoff propensity relative to beetle age and to determine the effect of food odors on phototactic orientation. A high-pressure sodium lamp presented from above induced a phototactic flight response, especially in beetles 3–7 days old. The majority of phototactic flights lasted less than 15 min for both males (73%) and females (85%), but ranged up to 100 min. A bimodal periodicity in flight propensity was recorded during the photophase with a small peak in activity occurring 14–10 h prior to scotophase and a large 4 h peak occurring from 3 h prior to scotophase to 1 h after when the onset of scotophase would normally have occurred. Beetles maintained with water as adults usually displayed higher levels of flight activity than did beetles maintained with artificial diet.After a period of vertical flight, photokinetic and phototactic response declined, and flight instability increased, as indicated by an overall decrease in the mean rate of climb, accompanied by an increase in the variability of this measure and an increase in horizontal displacement.When food odor (apple cider vinegar) was introduced the rate of climb dropped rapidly and beetles usually landed regardless of how long they had been in flight. When the food odor was removed, takeoff occurred and the beetle returned to its previous rate of climb. When food odor was repeatedly introduced during the same flight, there was no apparent cumulative effect, and each time it was removed, the beetle re-initiated phototactic flight. Unlike true migratory flight in which response to vegetative cues is temporarily inhibited until the insect has engaged in a period of phototactic flight, C. hemipterus flight could be better characterized as extended foraging in which phototactic flight is readily interrupted by encounters with food odor.

---

Résumé Le comportement de vol libre de C. hemipterus L. a été examiné dans une chambre à vent verticale pour déterminer la tendance au vol après l'émergence et observer l'influence de l'odeur d'aliments sur le vol phototactique. Une lampe à haute pression de sodium induit une réponse de col phototactique, qui débute le 3^e jour et reste puissante jusqu'au 8^e jour. La majorité des vols phototactiques duraient moins de 15 pour les mâles (73%) et les femelles (85%), mais pouvait se prolonger jusqu'à 100. Les femelles nourries sur régime artificiel présentaient la plus forte proportion de vol dépassant 35. Cependant, les adultes maintenus exclusivement en présence d'eau ont présenté un niveau d'activité de vol encore supérieur. Une tendance au vol à périodicité quotidienne bimodale a été notée avec un petit pic d'activité à 14–10 heures avant la scotophase et un grand pic durant 4 heures, de 3 heures avant la scotophase à une heure après le début de la scotophase.Après une période de vols verticaux, les réactions photocinétiques et phototactiques ont diminué, et l'instabilité des vols augmenté comme en a témoigné la diminution du taux total d'ascensions et l'accroissement de la variabilité de ce paramètre et des déplacements horizontaux. L'introduction d'odeurs d'aliments pendant le vol phototactique provoque une diminution immédiate du taux d'ascension et conduit généralement à un atterrissage indépendamment du temps antérieur de vol. Quand l'odeur était supprimée le décollage avait lieu et l'insecte retrouvait sont taux antérieur d'ascension. Quand la même odeur d'aliment a été réintroduite à répétition pendant le même vol, il n'y a pas eu d'effets cumulatifs apparents. Par opposition avec d'autres insectes présentant un véritable comportement migrateur pour lesquels la désinhibition des réactions végétatives ne se produit qu'après une longue période de locomotion continue, le vol de C. hemipterus est mieux caractérisé comme un comportement de prospection pour lequel les aliments inhibent immédiatement la dispersion.