太行山前平原麦田昆虫种类调查及4种药剂对麦红吸浆虫的药效实验

以藁城为例,采用淘土、扫网、挂黄板等方法对太行山前平原麦田昆虫群落进行了调查,结果表明该区域超高产麦田昆虫种类相对较少,总计22种,隶属于6目14科。害虫主要有2类,吸浆虫类和麦蚜类。小麦吸浆虫以麦红吸浆虫为主。天敌昆虫常见有蚜茧蜂、食蚜蝇、草蛉和瓢虫4类。采用氧乐果、毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉4种常用药剂对麦红吸浆虫成虫进行了田间药效实验,结果表明上述4种药剂对麦红吸浆虫均有较好的防治效果,虫口减退率均在80%以上。其虫口减退率从高到低依次为:氧乐果、毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉。建议根据麦红吸浆虫的发生情况,选择中低毒药剂毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉交替使用。     

Neanderthal mobility and technological change in the northeastern of the Iberian Peninsula: The patterns of chert exploitation at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter

Understanding the changes in the technological organization of prehistoric hunter–gatherers is important to research into hominin foraging activities. During the Middle Paleolithic, the coexistence or the replacement between Levallois and discoid technologies has frequently been recorded, but there is still no clear understanding of the reasons for their alternating and fragmented use in the archaeological record. This paper aims to contribute with new data to the current debate, by exploring the chert assemblages from levels O and M of the Abric Romaní rock-shelter. The results reveal that the change from Levallois in level O to discoid in level M is accompanied by the use of different axes of mobility, a reduction in the foraging radius and a more careful management of raw materials. A cross comparison with other archaeological evidences indicates the general pattern in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula during the late Middle Paleolithic, in which the use of Levallois technology is associated with chert and high mobility patterns whereas discoid technology is more closely linked to the use of local raw materials and a lower degree of mobility. The modifications to the mountainous environments and to the distribution of preferred prey animals may have influenced the Neanderthals’ mobility patterns and contributed to modifying their technical behaviours in order to obtain better foraging incomes.     

不同产地南方红豆杉各家系幼苗生长、光合生理与株高生长节律的差异分析

为充分了解不同产地南方红豆杉也Taxus wallichiana var. mairei ( Lemée et H. Lév.) L. K. Fu et Nan Li页各家系幼苗生长、光合生理及株高生长节律的差异,以产自江西分宜( FY)、浙江龙泉( LQ)、福建建瓯( JO)和福建明溪( MX)的20个家系的2年生容器苗为研究对象,对幼苗的株高和地径以及叶片的净光合速率和叶绿素含量进行比较,并对各家系的株高生长进行Logistic拟合回归分析以及拟合曲线参数和株高生长节律参数的计算和分析;在此基础上,分析了不同指标间的相关性并对供试的20个家系进行聚类分析。结果显示：不同产地间南方红豆杉的株高、地径、叶绿素含量和净光合速率均无显著差异,但这些指标在不同家系间均有极显著差异(P<0.01);各家系的株高、地径、净光合速率( Pn)以及叶绿素a( Chla)、叶绿素b( Chlb)和总叶绿素( Chl)含量的最大值较最小值分别高52.99%、29.63%、115.65%、39.81%、30.95%和37.24%。4个产地的株高生长均呈明显的“S型”曲线;各家系的最大生长速率( MGR)、线性生长速率( LGR)、线性生长总量( TLG)和线性生长持续时间( LGD)的最大值较最小值分别高60.00%、61.54%、63.73%和22.73%;从线性生长始期(t1)和线性生长终期(t2)来看,各家系的速生期为5月中旬或下旬至8月上旬。幼苗的株高与MGR、TLG、LGR、地径、Pn、Chlb和Chl等指标均极显著正相关,并与Chla显著正相关,而地径与MGR、TLG、LGR、Pn和Chlb等指标显著正相关,但株高和地径与LGD均无显著相关性。聚类分析结果表明：在欧氏距离10处,供试的20个家系被分成4个类型,其中,第Ⅳ类的6个家系的幼苗生长最佳且生长潜力最高。研究结果表明：不同产地南方红豆杉各家系的遗传变异丰富,且株高和地径生长主要受生长速率的影响;总体来看,家系LQ09、LQ11、FY21、FY26、MX12和MX18的幼苗生长潜力较高,可作为南方红豆杉的优良家系进行推广。     

Expression of p27Kip1 and bcl-2, cigarette smoking, and colorectal cancer risk

Although a positive association between cigarette smoking and colorectal adenoma development is consistently found, the association with colorectal cancer remains controversial. We evaluated the potential roles of p27^Kip1 and bcl-2 protein expressions in conjunction with cigarette smoking exposure and colorectal cancer risk in a hospital-based case-control study. A total of 163 colorectal cancer patients from Roswell Park Cancer Institute and Buffalo General Hospital and 326 healthy controls responded to a standardized questionnaire on colorectal cancer risk factors including detailed information on their history of cigarette smoking; 110 of the patientsfitumours were available for immunohistochemical analysis of p27^Kip1 and bcl-2 protein overexpression. An avidin?biotin immunoperoxidase procedure was used to determine expression after incubation with mouse monoclonal p27^Kip1 and mouse monoclonal bcl-2 antibodies, respectively. A statistically significant trend for total pack-years of smoking was found when p27^Kip1 positive cases were compared with p27^Kip1 negative cases (trend test, p = 0.007). Although a weak inverse association was observed with smoking exposure among p27^Kip1 negative tumour cases in comparison to controls, a significant dose?response association was seen with p27^Kip1 positive tumours. The relative risk of developing a p27^Kip1 positive tumour was estimated to be 1.17 (95% CI 0.54?2.54) for those with less than 20 pack-years, 1.95 (95 % CI 0.95?3.97) for those with 20?39 pack-years, and 2.25 (95% CI 1.14?4.45) for those with greater than 39 pack-years of smoking exposure (trend test, p = 0.009) when compared with controls. When cases with bcl-2 expression were compared with cases without bcl-2 expression, suggestion of a trend was also observed with pack-years smoked (trend test, p = 0.09). In our study of 110 patients with sporadic colorectal cancer and 326 controls, we observed differences in associations between cigarette smoking and expressions in p27^Kip1 and bcl-2. Our data suggest that bcl-2 overexpression (or a bcl-2 dependent pathway) is associated with cigarette smoking in the development of colorectal cancer, whereas a loss of p27^Kip1 expression is not. These associations indicate that there is aetiological heterogeneity in colorectal cancer development, and that they can indirectly allude to where these changes in protein expression occur in the adenoma?carcinoma sequence (i.e. early versus late events).     

Chronostratigraphy and the Palaeoenvironment of the Bistrița Valley. New Interpretations and a Critical Retrospective Evaluation

The Carpathian Arch was certainly a difficult obstacle for the Palaeolithic communities of Eastern and Central Europe, at least during certain stages of the Upper Pleistocene glaciation, such as the Last Glacial Maximum. The density and perennity of the Palaeolithic occupations in the Bistri?a Valley were favoured by the propitious conditions of living and developing long-term survival strategies. The importance of the Bistri?a Valley lies in the fact that it is strongly embedded in the mountainous landscape, with a route extended in the Sub-Carpathian area and a generous opening towards the east to the plateau region and further towards the Great Russian Plain. The Bistri?a Valley is a landmark of the Romanian Palaeolithic due to the number of investigated Palaeolithic settlements, the wealth and variety of archaeological materials and the extensive interdisciplinary studies. All this has entailed a better assessment of the evolution of the palaeoenvironment and of the chronostratigraphy of the Palaeolithic occupations. In a matter of speaking, the Bistri?a Valley is to Romania what the Vézère Valley is to the Dordogne region in France.     

Complementation of a pleiotropic Nif-Gln regulatory mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum by a previously unrecognized Azotobacter vinelandii regulatory locus

A spontaneous pleiotropic Nif^- mutation in Rhodospirillum rubrum has been partially characterized biochemically and by complementation analysis with recombinant plasmids carrying Azotobacter vinelandii DNA in the vicinity of ORF12 [Jacobson et al. (1989) J. Bacteriol 171:1017–1027]. In addition to being unable to grow on N₂ as a nitrogen source the phenotypic characterization of this and other metronidazole enriched spontaneous mutants showed (a) no nitrogenase activity, (b) the absence of NifHDK polypeptides, (c) a slower growth rate on NH _inf4 ^sup+ , (d) approximately 50% higher glutamine synthetase (GS) activity than the wild-type, which was repressible, (e) an inability to switch-off GS activity in response to an NH _inf4 ^sup+ up-shift, and (f) an inability to modify (³²P-label) the GS polypeptide. The apparent relationship between the absence of nifHDK expression and the absence of GS adenylylation cannot be explained in terms of the current model for nif gene regulation. However, R. rubrum transconjugants receiving A. vinelandii DNA which originated immediately upstream from nifH, restored all aspects of the wild-type phenotype. These data suggest a here-to-fore unrecognized relationship between nif expression and GS switch-off (adenylylation) activity, and the existence of a previously unidentified regulatory locus in Azotobacter that complements this mutation.     

Hommes et environnements au Paléolithique supérieur en Ukraine continentale et en Crimée : introduction

Research, conducted under the ANR project “Mammouths”, on “the end of the mammoth steppe: Man/Environment relationship during late Pleniglacial in Eastern Europe”, is the subject of several contributions, a part of them is published in this volume, under the heading “Humans and environments during Upper Paleolithic in mainland Ukraine and Crimea”, in the French journal L’anthropologie.     

Lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal modulates base excision repair in human cells

Oxidative-stress-driven lipid peroxidation (LPO) is involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including cancer. LPO products react with cellular proteins changing their properties, and with DNA bases to form mutagenic etheno-DNA adducts, removed from DNA mainly by the base excision repair (BER) pathway.One of the major reactive aldehydes generated by LPO is 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). We investigated the effect of HNE on BER enzymes in human cells and in vitro. K21 cells pretreated with physiological HNE concentrations were more sensitive to oxidative and alkylating agents, H₂O₂ and MMS, than were untreated cells. Detailed examination of the effects of HNE on particular stages of BER in K21 cells revealed that HNE decreases the rate of excision of 1,N⁶-ethenoadenine (ɛA) and 3,N⁴-ethenocytosine (ɛC), but not of 8-oxoguanine. Simultaneously HNE increased the rate of AP-site incision and blocked the re-ligation step after the gap-filling by DNA polymerases. This suggested that HNE increases the number of unrepaired single-strand breaks (SSBs) in cells treated with oxidizing or methylating agents. Indeed, preincubation of cells with HNE and their subsequent treatment with H₂O₂ or MMS increased the number of nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) foci, known to appear in cells in response to SSBs. However, when purified BER enzymes were exposed to HNE, only ANPG and TDG glycosylases excising ɛA and ɛC from DNA were inhibited, and only at high HNE concentrations. APE1 endonuclease and 8-oxoG-DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) were not inhibited. These results indicate that LPO products exert their promutagenic action not only by forming DNA adducts, but in part also by compromising the BER pathway.