赤楠叶精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性

以水蒸汽蒸馏法提取赤楠叶精油,得率约0．51％,用GC-MS分析其化学成分,主要为石竹烯(37．623％)、α-瑟林烯(9.627％)、β-瑟林烯(9．408％)、柯巴烯(5．360％)等。抗菌实验显示该精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、普通变形杆菌、藤黄八叠球菌等具有较强的抑杀活性。     

Composition and biological activities of essential oils from Limnophila geoffrayi Bonati

Essential oils from the dried aerial parts of Limnophila geoffrayi Bonati were obtained by water-distillation. d-Pulegone (27.14%), perillaldehyde (19.13%) and limonene (9.00%) were characterized as the major constituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils and their major components were evaluated against microorganisms encountered normally in contaminated cosmetic products, using the agar- and broth-dilution methods. Their insecticidal activities against the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) were tested using a bioassay with impregnated filter paper. The results showed that the essential oils possessed high antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.2% per unit volume (v/v). Strong insecticidal activity as a fumigant was also observed at an oil dose of 5 μl/disc, with a 94% mortality. Perillaldehyde was the most active compound among the main components of these essential oils.     

安徽4个不同地区石菖蒲中挥发油成分及其质量差异分析

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对安徽4个不同地区石菖蒲中挥发油成分进行分析,并对其质量进行评价。结果显示,皖南山区、大别山区、安庆及芜湖地区石菖蒲挥发油中依次分别鉴定出45、52、48、54种化合物,共同化合物为25种,各产地已鉴定的25种共同化学成分含量分别占各自总成分的93.27%、84.75%、90.73%、92.84%,其中含量最高的β-细辛醚含量占比依次为54.73%、50.12%、57.24%、60.15%,其次α-细辛醚依次为32.18%、30.14%、28.15%、26.15%,4个地区石菖蒲挥发油中均不含黄樟醚。不同地区石菖蒲中挥发油化合物存在一定差异,安徽地区石菖蒲安全性均较高且大别山区石菖蒲最为优质。     

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lavandulapedunculata subsp. atlantica (Braun‐Blanq.) Romo Essential Oil and Selected Terpenoids against Resistant Bacteria Strains–Structure–Activity Relationships

The genus Lavandula is known for its different uses in traditional medicine. This study is interested in the chemical composition of Lavandulapedunculata subsp.atlantica (Braun‐Blanq. ) Romo as well as evaluating its antibacterial potential against multi‐resistant strains. The analysis of Lavandulaatlantica essential oil (LAEO) allows the identification of 47 components representing 93.6 % of all identified. The main constituent of LAEO was camphor (50.4 %), followed by fenchone (14.1 %) and camphene (5.6 %). The antibacterial assays revealed that LAEO was active against all the studied bacteria. A preliminary study of the relationship between certain terpenoids and antibacterial activity was also carried out in order to note the compound(s) that are responsible for LAEO's antibacterial activity. This study showed that the activity of the essential oil may be due to the presence of certain minor compounds such as carvone, considering the presence of the synergistic effect between the essential oil.     

四种植物精油对黑翅土白蚁触杀和驱避作用

为筛选出高效防治黑翅土白蚁的天然植物精油,减少有机合成农药的使用,该文研究了大蒜精油、肉桂油、丁香油和印楝素油四种植物精油对黑翅土白蚁的触杀效果和驱避作用。结果表明:大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油的浓度为5和10 mg·m L~(-1)时,处理2 h后,黑翅土白蚁的校正死亡率达100%,而相同浓度的印楝素油和对照处理的黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率低于5%。随着处理时间延长,浓度为1.25和2.5 mg·m L~(-1)的大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油处理6 h时,黑翅土白蚁的校正死亡率仍达100%,而此时对应的印楝素油和对照处理的黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率仅为10%,说明大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油对黑翅土白蚁具有较强的触杀效果。大蒜精油、丁香油和肉桂油在处理黑翅土白蚁2 h后LC_(50)值(半致死量)分别为1.572、1.05和1.03mg·m L~(-1),说明肉桂油对黑翅土白蚁的毒性相对最大,触杀效果最好。此外,10 mg·m L~(-1)的大蒜精油、肉桂油、丁香油和印楝素油的驱避试验表明,处理4、6、8和12 h后,大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油三精油处理区的黑翅土白蚁数均显著低于对照区的,驱避率总体93%,而对应的印楝素油的驱避率总体28.5%,表明大蒜精油、丁香油和肉桂油三种植物精油对黑翅土白蚁均有显著的驱避活性。综上可知,四种植物精油中大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油在防治黑翅土白蚁方面应用潜力很好,是开发绿色环保白蚁防治药剂的可选材料。     

原油和消油剂对鱼类毒性的研究进展

原油对鱼类的毒性主要来自其水溶性成分,可导致鱼卵死亡或发育畸形,并造成鱼类麻痹、发炎、粘膜受损和死亡。消油剂的使用在分散了油膜的同时也带来二次污染,其活性剂对鱼类产生新的毒性影响。消油剂将原油分散为乳化颗粒并能进入鱼体内,加大了原油的毒性并延长其作用时间。综述了原油和消油剂对鱼类毒性的研究进展,展望了鱼类在相关毒性试验领域的应用及发展方向。     

3种植物精油对霉菌的抑制作用

肉桂 ( Cinnamomum cassia Presl)别名连桂 ,属樟科樟属 ,常绿乔木 ,高 1 0～ 1 5m,多为栽培 ,主产于广西、广东等地 ,云南、福建等省亦有分布。人们可从其叶、枝或树皮、籽中提取精油 ,精油主要用于医药及食品香精[1 ] 。山苍子 [Litsea cubeba ( Lour.) Pers]别名山鸡椒、木姜子 ,属樟科木姜子属 ,落叶灌木和乔木 ,高 8～ 1 0 m,果期 7～ 8月份 ,我国长江以南各省都有分布。民间广泛使用水蒸汽蒸馏法 ,从其果实中提制精油 ,精油主要用于调配食品、化妆品香精 ,合成其它原料及维生素 [2 ]。丁子香 [Stzygium aromaticum( Linn.)Merr.et…     

翼蓼和中华抱茎蓼挥发油化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别从翼蓼和中华抱茎蓼中提取其挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对挥发油中的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定,运用气相色谱峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对百分含量.结果表明:翼蓼中总共鉴定出31种成分,中华抱茎蓼中鉴定出21种成分,分别占到挥发油总含量的84.0%和93.8%,翼蓼挥发油中主要成分是表蓝桉醇(15.9%)、甲苯(8.6%)、反式橙花叔醇(6.9%);中华抱茎蓼挥发油主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(19.9%)、2,4-戊二酮(17.2%)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(11.7%)、3-甲基-2,3-二氢苯并呋喃(10.7%).     

酶法提取薏苡仁油的优化

本文应用响应面分析的方法研究了酶用量、酶解温度和pH对薏苡仁油提取率的影响,并得到了最佳的提取条件。研究结果表明,酶用量为1.569%、酶解温度在47.7℃、酶解pH为4.75。响应的薏苡仁油提取率为10.948%。油脂质量分析结果表明,酶法处理并没有显著改变薏苡仁油的性质。