模拟氮沉降对杉木丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和球囊霉素的影响

杉木是我国南方重要的速生用材树种,同时南方面临着日益增强的大气氮沉降。尽管有大量的研究探索了氮沉降对杉木林的影响,但关于氮沉降对杉木与丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）共生关系影响的研究则较少报道。以10年生杉木为研究对象,模拟了不同氮沉降水平（N3：3 g N m^-2a^-1,N6：6 g N m^-2a^-1和Control：0 g N m^-2a^-1）对AMF侵染率和球囊霉素的影响。结果显示：在冬季,与对照相比,N3处理显著增加了AMF侵染率,N6处理显著增加易提取球囊霉素的含量,而氮沉降对总球囊霉素含量无显著影响。在春季,与对照相比,N3处理显著增加AMF侵染率,但是显著降低了易提取球囊霉素的含量。N6处理显著增加总球囊霉素的含量,但显著降低易提取球囊霉素的含量。相同氮添加情况下,春季的AMF侵染率显著低于冬季,而球囊霉素含量（易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素）均显著高于冬季的。土壤有效磷与AMF侵染率显著负相关,而与易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素含量显著正相关。侵染率与pH显著正相关,球囊霉素与pH显著负相关。本实验针对AMF侵染率和球囊霉素的含量对于氮沉降的响应做出探讨,对全面了解杉木与AMF之间的共生关系对氮沉降的响应及其机制提供了新的参考。     

丝状真菌代谢工程研究进展

丝状真菌(Filamentous fungi)作为重要的工业发酵微生物,在有机酸、蛋白质及次级代谢产物等关键生物基产品生产方面发挥着重要作用。自20世纪90年代代谢工程理念提出以来,尤其是代谢工程使能技术的创新及发展,极大地促进了丝状真菌细胞工厂的构建及其在工业发酵领域的应用。文中将系统介绍近年来丝状真菌代谢工程技术的发展,及其在生物基化学品细胞工厂构建中的应用,最后讨论丝状真菌代谢工程中关键问题并展望其未来发展。     

Tolerance to oxidative stress is associated with both oxidative stress response and inherent growth in a fungal wheat pathogen

Reactive oxygen species are toxic byproducts of aerobic respiration that are also important in mediating a diversity of cellular functions. Reactive oxygen species form an important component of plant defenses to inhibit microbial pathogens during pathogen–plant interactions. Tolerance to oxidative stress is likely to make a significant contribution to the viability and pathogenicity of plant pathogens, but the complex network of oxidative stress responses hinders identification of the genes contributing to this trait. Here, we employed a forward genetic approach to investigate the genetic architecture of oxidative stress tolerance in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of growth and melanization under axenic conditions in two cross-populations to identify genomic regions associated with tolerance to oxidative stress. We found that QTLs associated with growth under oxidative stress as well as inherent growth can affect oxidative stress tolerance, and we identified two uncharacterized genes in a major QTL associated with this trait. Our data suggest that melanization does not affect tolerance to oxidative stress, which differs from what was found for animal pathogens. This study provides a whole-genome perspective on the genetic basis of oxidative stress tolerance in a plant pathogen.     

Mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus addition influence the stability of plant community composition and function in a temperate steppe

Nutrient enrichment can reduce ecosystem stability, typically measured as temporal stability of a single function, e.g. plant productivity. Moreover, nutrient enrichment can alter plant–soil interactions (e.g. mycorrhizal symbiosis) that determine plant community composition and productivity. Thus, it is likely that nutrient enrichment and interactions between plants and their soil communities co-determine the stability in plant community composition and productivity. Yet our understanding as to how nutrient enrichment affects multiple facets of ecosystem stability, such as functional and compositional stability, and the role of above–belowground interactions are still lacking. We tested how mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus (P) addition influenced multiple facets of ecosystem stability in a three-year field study in a temperate steppe. Here we focused on the functional and compositional stability of plant community; functional stability is the temporal community variance in primary productivity; compositional stability is represented by compositional resistance, turnover, species extinction and invasion. Community variance was partitioned into population variance defined as community productivity weighted average of the species temporal variance in performance, and species synchrony defined as the degree of temporal positive covariation among species. Compared to treatments with mycorrhizal suppression, the intact AM fungal communities reduced community variance in primary productivity by reducing species synchrony at high levels of P addition. Species synchrony and population variance were linearly associated with community variance with the intact AM fungal communities, while these relationships were decoupled or weakened by mycorrhizal suppression. The intact AM fungal communities promoted the compositional resistance of plant communities by reducing compositional turnover, but this effect was suppressed by P addition. P addition increased the number of species extinctions and thus promoted compositional turnover. Our study shows P addition and AM fungal communities can jointly and independently modify the various components of ecosystem stability in terms of plant community productivity and composition.     

健康与凋萎病杨梅树体及根围菌群的差异

凋萎病是制约杨梅产业发展的严重病害。为了有效防控凋萎病,本研究分析了杨梅健康和感染凋萎病树体各部位及根表土和根围土中细菌和真菌群落的丰富度与多样性的差异。结果表明: 与健康树相比,病树根围土、根表土、根、枝干、枝皮和叶片的细菌和真菌丰富度均发生了显著变化,其中,根表土细菌和枝皮内真菌的丰富度和多样性均显著降低,而枝皮内细菌和根表土的真菌丰富度和多样性均显著升高。病树各部位及根表、根围土细菌和真菌的优势菌相对丰度在门、纲和属水平上发生了明显的变化,在病树枝干、根和根表土中的假单胞菌属及根表土、根围土中的镰刀菌属的相对丰度明显降低,病树根表土及根围土中青霉菌属的相对丰度明显增加。与凋萎病菌同属的拟盘多毛孢菌在病树根内显著减少,而在其他位置均大量增殖,其相对丰度与多数相对丰度较高的真菌呈正相关。本研究结果将为开发杨梅凋萎病的生态改良、培育健康树体和生物防治技术提供有效的理论依据。     

丛枝菌根真菌对青杨抗溃疡病生物量和抗病酶活性的影响

本研究以青杨Populus cathayana 1年生扦插苗为试验材料,接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）异形根孢囊霉Rhizophagus irregularis和杨树溃疡病菌聚生小穴壳菌Dothiorella gregaria,测定AMF对青杨根茎叶生物量,丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸和茎部纤维素含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、几丁质酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶甲基酯酶等抗病酶活性的影响。结果表明,接种AMF可以增加青杨根茎生物量,增加茎纤维素含量来增强树势,降低溃疡病发病率;接种AMF能够显著降低感病杨树茎部和根系MDA含量,增加叶片和根系脯氨酸含量,提高根茎叶PPO活性、茎SOD活性和叶片CAT活性;接种AMF前期可以提高茎和根系几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,也可以提高叶片和茎多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲基酯酶活性,接种病原菌条件下AMF效果更加显著。结论认为,AMF通过积累脯氨酸,降低MDA含量,提高SOD、CAT和PPO活性,增强杨树抗溃疡病能力;同时也可提高多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶甲基酯酶活性来抑制病原菌菌丝的生长,减弱菌丝的扩展能力,增强杨树抗病性。     

楸树实生苗和嫁接苗根相关真菌群落结构和多样性

以1、2、3年生的楸树实生苗和嫁接苗（梓树砧木）根系为研究对象,通过对ITS rDNA区域标记扩增子的Illumina MiSeq测序,分析不同苗龄楸树实生苗和嫁接苗根相关真菌的结构组成和多样性。获得根相关真菌OTU共842个,分属4门、24纲、70目、134科、233属、347种;丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi）AMF-OTU共42个,分属1门、1纲、3目、3科、3属、13种。根相关真菌和AMF的OTU数量、丰度和多样性在实生苗中均随苗龄的增加而降低,而在嫁接苗中则随着苗龄的增加而增加。门水平上,实生苗与嫁接苗根相关真菌的优势菌都是子囊菌门Ascomycota、担子菌门Basidiomycota和接合菌门Zygomycota,但它们的相对丰度有所差异;属水平上,实生苗和嫁接苗根相关真菌的优势菌种在组成和数量上都具有一定的差异性。楸树根相关真菌拥有3种营养模式和12个生态功能群,其中实生苗根系中病理营养型真菌的比例大于嫁接苗,腐生营养型则差异不大,而共生营养型则小于嫁接苗。生态功能群分析显示大多数楸树根系真菌表现出多种生存策略,部分真菌可以在植物-真菌-动物中跨界侵染。该研究可为楸树根相关真菌的利用提供一定的理论依据和基础。     

中国亚热带锈菌补记

描述了无性型锈菌新种龙眼夏孢锈菌Uredo longan;对荔枝翼孢锈菌Skierka nephelii补述了冬孢子阶段并指定了附加模式;报道了中国新记录刚果盾锈菌Uredopeltis congensis;新组合了克莱门斯层锈菌Phakopsora clemensiae comb. nov.和马唐层锈菌Phakopsora digitariae comb. nov.。引证的标本采自我国台湾、广东、海南、四川等亚热带地区,均保存于中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

中国苹果病害病原菌物名录

苹果为我国主要栽培水果,苹果产业在我国农业生产中占有重要地位。病原菌物是苹果病害的主要病原物,对我国苹果产量和品质造成严重损害。国际上病原菌物为苹果主要病原类型,其数量占苹果病原物的93.4%。我国植物病理学家和菌物学家对苹果病害的病原学进行了长期研究,描述与记载了大量国外已报道的病原真菌和病原卵菌,也描述了一些国外尚未记载的病原菌。随着菌物分类研究的深入、分类系统及菌物命名规则变化等,许多病害的病原名称发生了较大变化,对名称的使用造成了诸多不便,影响了苹果病害相关知识的交流。本文汇总了我国已经描述的苹果菌物病害的病原种类,其中病原真菌149种,病原卵菌6种,病原菌物占苹果病原物种类的90.6%。依据最新分类系统、菌物命名法规和汉语名称规则,对相关病原菌物的拉丁学名、中文名称以及病害汉语名称等进行了整理和修订。该项工作有利于相关植物病理学研究者、植保工作者、园艺工作者、管理人员及基层推广工作者对苹果病原菌物名称的检索和规范使用,促进学术交流和科学普及等。     

嗜角蛋白真菌耐药性研究进展

嗜角蛋白真菌感染能引起人体皮肤浅表和深部疾病,其感染发生率近年来呈逐年增加趋势。广谱抗生素是目前广泛用于治疗嗜角蛋白真菌感染的药物种类之一,但由于可选择药物种类有限,因此多数嗜角蛋白真菌感染患者存在长期、过度使用单一广谱抗生素的情形,这可能直接或间接导致嗜角蛋白真菌耐药性形成,严重制约嗜角蛋白真菌感染疾病治疗效果,从而加重嗜角蛋白真菌感染疾病的传染风险,成为影响全球公共卫生健康的重大威胁因素之一。本文就嗜角蛋白真菌致病类型、常用药物、药物作用机理、耐药性形成及影响因素方面的研究进展进行综述,并提出了嗜角蛋白真菌耐药性未来的研究内容及方向。以期为嗜角蛋白真菌感染治疗、真菌耐药性形成机理及预防真菌感染提供新的思路和参考。