黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

酵母基因中转录正调控内含子序列特征的统计分析

大量实验研究显示,真核基因的许多内含子具有调控转录的功能,但是对此问题尚缺乏全面的研究.观察一些酵母基因的转录频率与基因的内含子序列后,发现一个值得注意的现象：转录频率高的基因内含子序列一般都比较长,而转录频率低的基因内含子一般都比较短.这提示高效转录基因的较长内含子中可能含有某些增强基因转录的特征性结构.于是选取两组酵母基因的内含子进行详细研究,第一组的基因具有较高的转录频率（>30）,第二组的基因转录频率较低（≤10）.对寡核苷酸（主要是四核苷酸、五核苷酸）的出现频率进行统计比较分析,探测到一批寡核苷酸,它们在第一组内含子中出现的频率显著高于在第二组内含子中出现的频率,同时也显著高于与第一组内含子相邻的外显子中的出现频率.其中一些寡核苷酸与实验研究得到的转录调控元件相同.从这批寡核苷酸在内含子和外显子序列中的分布看,高效转录基因内含子的序列结构确实有利于基因的转录.     

我国林火发生预测模型研究进展

通过文献回顾,总结了国内林火发生预测模型的研究现状,并从林火发生驱动因子、林火发生概率预测模型、林火发生频次预测模型和模型检验方法等方面进行归纳分析。得出以下结论: 1)气象、地形、植被、可燃物、人类活动等因素是影响林火发生及模型预测精度的主要驱动因子;2)林火发生概率模型中,地理加权逻辑斯蒂回归模型考虑了变量之间的空间相关性,Gompit回归模型适宜非对称结构的林火数据,随机森林模型不需要多重共线性检验,在避免过度拟合的同时提高了预测精度,是林火发生概率预测模型的优选方法之一;3)林火发生频次模型中,负二项回归模型更适合对过度离散数据进行模拟,零膨胀模型和栅栏模型可以处理林火数据中包含大量零值的问题;4)ROC检验、AIC检验、似然比检验和Wald检验方法是林火概率和频次模型的常用检验方法。林火发生预测模型研究仍是我国当前林火管理工作的重点,预测模型的选择需要依据不同地区林火数据特点。此外,构建林火预测模型时需要考虑更多的影响因素,以提高模型预测精度;未来,需要进一步探索其他数学模型在林火发生预测中的应用,不断提高林火发生预测模型的准确度。     

基于小波神经网络的麦蚜发生程度预测模型

【目的】建立基于小波神经网络病虫害预测预报模型,对提前采取防病防虫措施、减少农作物病虫害损失、提高农作物产量与质量具有重要意义。【方法】本研究以山西省运城市芮城县1980-2014年麦蚜发生程度和气象因子数据为基础,采用主成分分析法从40个基础气象因子中整合形成9个新的自变量输入模型,采用试凑法筛选隐含层节点数,用1980-2009年的数据进行网络训练,对2010-2014年麦蚜发生程度进行回测,建立了以Morlet小波函数为传递函数的小波神经网络模型,并与以Sigmoid函数为传递函数的BP神经网络模型进行了比较。【结果】小波和BP神经网络两种模型对训练样本的平均拟合精度均有10年以上超过80%,两者MAPE 值分别为 89.83% 和83.07%,MSE 值分别为0.0578和0.6192。【结论】两个模型都能较好地描述麦蚜发生程度;从预测精度和模型的稳定性来看,小波神经网络好于BP神经网络。     

Occurrence of Diaphanosoma excisum (Sars) on a sandy beach at Balramgari (Orissa), India

The occurrence of Diaphanosoma excisum (Sars), a freshwater cladoceran, in benthic samples of an intertidal sandy beach is reported. Population density was seasonal. A relatively high density was recorded from June to September (south-west monsoon season) with a maximum (46 ind 10 cm^–2) in September at a depth of 10–15 cm of sediment. A sudden decline occurred during north-east monsoon (October to January), and in the fair season (February to May), the cladocerans disappeared. Mean density varied (P<0.001) with sediment depth and season and showed a contagious dispersion. Abundance was negatively correlated with salinity (r = –0.76) but positively with POC (r =0.79) and mean grain size of the sediment (r = 0.93). The density of D. excisum was highest in fine sand.     

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.     

北京郊区苹果小卷蛾成虫发生规律研究

苹果小卷蛾AdoxophyesoranaFischervonR slerstamm为北京郊区大桃生产中的主要害虫 ,试验采用黑光灯诱杀、糖醋盆诱集 2种方法在不同生态环境果园对其成虫发生期进行了观测。结果显示苹果小卷蛾在北京地区 1年发生 3代 ;越冬代成虫羽化高峰为 5月底至 6月初 ,第 1代幼虫防治适期为 6月1 0～ 1 5日 ;第 1代成虫羽化高峰为 7月中旬 ,第 2代幼虫防治适期为 7月下旬。     

Field and laboratory studies in a Neotropical population of the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini

Abstract One ear of each of five cows on a property close to Dean Funes, province of Córdoba, Argentina, was inspected monthly from December 2004 to November 2006 to determine the presence of Otobius megnini (Dugès) and to ascertain its seasonality. Ticks were collected to study the biological parameters of larvae, nymphs and adult ticks. Groups of nymphs were also maintained at three different photoperiods at 25 °C. The abundance of immature stages was greatest during January–April and August–October in the first and second years of the study, respectively. No larvae successfully moulted. Nymphs weighing < 17 mg also failed to moult, but 89% of heavier nymphs moulted into adults. Nymphs moulting to males weighed less (49.5 ± 16.09 mg) than nymphs moulting to females (98.1 ± 34.08 mg). The pre‐moult period was similar for nymphs moulting to either sex and significantly longer (P < 0.01) for female nymphs maintained at 25 °C compared with nymphs kept at 27 °C. No effect of photoperiod on the pre‐moult periods of nymphs was detected. Female ticks produced a mean of 7.0 ± 1.94 egg batches after a preoviposition period of 16.4 ± 8.41 days for the first batch. The mean oviposition period was 61 ± 20.8 days and the duration of oviposition for each batch varied from 1 to 6 days. The mean number of eggs per batch was 93.1 ± 87.53. The minimum incubation period for the first egg batch was 13.6 ± 2.77 days. The total number of eggs laid by each female was 651.6 ± 288.90. Parthenogenesis was not observed. The reproductive efficiency index (REI) (number of eggs laid/weight of female in mg) was 5.5 ± 1.26. Pearson’s correlations showed a significant direct relationship between the weight of the female and number of eggs laid (P < 0.01) and REI (P < 0.05). Several of the biological values presented above for the tick population from the Neotropical zoogeographic region showed marked differences to equivalent values for O. megnini populations from the U.S.A. (Nearctic) and India (Oriental). Nevertheless, the only two sequences of 16S rDNA deposited in GenBank from ticks originating in Argentina and allegedly in the U.S.A. indicate that they are conspecific (99.8% agreement). We tentatively consider the biological differences among populations of this tick species to represent adaptations for survival at different conditions.