基于光谱变化特征的小麦叶片不同功能期监测研究

为了探讨小麦叶片不同功能期光谱变化特征与叶绿素含量之间的关系,以4个小麦杂交组合基因型为试验材料,对不同生长发育期的旗叶进行光谱和叶绿素测量,并采用线性外推法计算其红边位置.结果表明：在近红外区（750 nm～850 nm）和可见光区（500 nm～600 nm）处,从抽穗期到扬花期小麦旗叶光谱反射率呈现上升趋势,到灌浆期开始下降.其叶绿素含量也是先上升,进入灌浆期后开始下降.建立旗叶4个不同功能期4月25日、5月1日、5月6日和5月11日叶绿素含量与其红边位置线性回归模型,其R2分别为0.5893、0.8842、0.9379和0.7258,均达极显著水平,表明此模型可用于叶片叶绿素含量无损监测.     

Forest landscape pattern in the KwaZulu–Natal midlands,South Africa: 50 years of change or stasis?

Abstract Understanding patterns and processes of habitat change is essential for managing and conserving forest fragments in anthropogenically altered landscapes. Digitized aerial photographs from 1944 and 1996 were examined for changes to the indigenous forest landscape in the Karkloof‐Balgowan archipelago in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. Attributes relating to proximate land‐use, patch shape, isolation and position in the landscape were used to determine putative causes of forest change. The total change in forest area was ?5.7% (forest covered 6739 ha in 1996). This is contrasted with previous reports for the period 1880–1940 that estimated change in total forest area of up to ?80%. Attrition was the predominant process of forest transformation between 1944 and 1996. Despite little overall change in forest area, 786 mostly small (<0.5 ha) forest patches were lost from the landscape, leaving 1277 forest patches in 1996. An increase in patch isolation, but no change in patch cohesion accompanied the changes in forest area. Ignoring patches that were eliminated, 514 patches decreased in area. This was partly a function of patch size, but the conversion of natural grassland to commercial plantation forestry in the matrix also influenced forest decline. Their small size and irregular shape caused forest patches in the region to be vulnerable to edge effects. Core area declined in a negative exponential way with increasing edge width and the total area of edge habitat exceeded that of core habitat at an edge width of only 50 m. Nevertheless, total core area decreased by only 2% (65 ha) between 1944 and 1996 because most of the eliminated patches were small and contained no core area. The large Karkloof forest (1649 ha) is a conservation priority for forest interior species, but the ecological role and biodiversity value of small forest patches should not be overlooked.     

A Mn(II)–Mn(II) center in human prolidase

Human prolidase, the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the Xaa-Pro/Hyp peptide bonds, is a key player in the recycling of imino acids during the final stage of protein catabolism and extracellular matrix remodeling. Its metal active site composition corresponding to the maximal catalytic activity is still unknown, although prolidase function is of increasing interest due to the link with carcinogenesis and mutations in prolidase gene cause a severe connective tissue disorder. Here, using EPR and ICP-MS on human recombinant prolidase produced in Escherichia coli (hRecProl), the Mn(II) ion organized in a dinuclear Mn(II)–Mn(II) center was identified as the protein cofactor. Furthermore, thermal denaturation, CD/fluorescence spectroscopy and limited proteolysis revealed that the Mn(II) is required for the proper protein folding and that a protein conformational modification is needed in the transition from apo- to Mn(II)loaded-enzyme. The collected data provided a better knowledge of the human holo-prolidase and, although limited to the recombinant enzyme, the exact identity and organization of the metal cofactor as well as the conformational change required for activity were proven.     

新疆白杨河流域特征及生态植被需水分析

新疆白杨河流域地跨上游乌鲁木齐市达坂城及下游吐鲁番市托克逊县两个行政区,上游达坂城区位于天山博格达峰山前冲击、洪积山间盆地干旱区,源于天山多支源流汇集于盆地南端峡口,基于峡口形成下游并由有多支流沿程补给白杨河干流,穿越极端干旱戈壁荒漠区的托克逊县直至末端吐鲁番市境内尾闾-艾丁湖,是我国典型少有的跨越干旱与极端干旱叠加型流域灌区,水资源有效利用及水生态环境保护具有重要作用。遵循流域各河流水系形成的自然生态环境属性及河道取水工程节点,采用Penman-Monteith法生态需水定额和卫星遥感面积识别及水文年内展布方法,分析评估流域内上下游绿洲生态环境植被需水量和河流生态基流及其调控断面。结果表明,上游达坂城区黑沟河年生态需水量、生态基流、年均径流占比和控制断面,分别为921万m³、0.29m³/s、18%和黑沟渠首;阿克苏河为1048万m³、0.33m³/s、12%和阿克苏渠首;高崖子河为862万m³、0.27m³/s、12%和高崖子渠首;下游托克逊境内由白杨河干流调节,艾丁湖等生态需水量分别为4256万m³、1.35m³/s、32%和小草湖渠首。白杨河流域年生态需水7880万m³,生态基流2.50m³/s,生态水占年均径流量17%,分析结果为流域生态环境管理保护提供依据。     

Do local abundances of British birds change with proximity to range edge?

Aim Species generally vary in the density they attain at different sites, prompting the question of whether this variation is systematic across their range. We investigate this question using data on the abundance and distribution of thirty-two species of passerine birds across Britain derived from censuses organized by the British Trust for Ornithology. Methods Analysis is complicated by the issue of quantifying the distance of any particular census location from the edge of the range of a species when the study area encompasses only part of its entire distribution. No measure of this quantity is a priori the correct one, and so we use a variety of different measures which make differing assumptions about how abundances might be structured across species ranges. Results None of the measures used reveal any consistent relationships between the density attained by species at census sites and the spatial positions of those sites. Only thirteen species show significant relationships with any of the measures, and no more than seven species with any single measure. Main conclusion In summary, there is no convincing evidence that passerine bird densities are usually lower towards range edges in Britain. We discuss possible reasons for these findings.     

渭干河-库车河绿洲景观生态安全时空分异及格局优化

渭干河-库车河绿洲(以下简称渭-库绿洲)是我国西北干旱区典型的荒漠绿洲区,维护其生态安全,是实现绿洲可持续发展的重要保障。以1997年、2006年及2016年3期Landsat TM影像数据为主要数据来源,构建渭-库绿洲景观生态安全评价模型,对近20年来研究区的景观生态安全时空特征进行分析。利用最小阻力模型,以水域、林草地为生态源地,将生态安全水平、海拔和坡度作为阻力因子生成最小累计阻力面,划分生态功能区,识别生态廊道和生态节点,从点、线、面综合视角进行景观格局优化。结果表明:(1)1997—2016年渭-库绿洲生态安全区域面积呈波动变化,相对安全区域面积在不断增加,临界安全、敏感和风险区域面积呈减小趋势,景观生态安全度在空间分布上由高到低呈内向外扩展的态势。(2)研究区景观生态安全的Moran′s I值分别为0.6479、0.7049、0.6587,景观生态安全值的空间集聚性呈先增加后降低的趋势;局部空间自相关主要以高-高聚集和低-低聚集类型为主,呈现出"同质聚集、异质分离"的特点。(3)景观格局优化中选取的生态源地占绿洲总面积的12.76%,构建的绿洲生态廊道基本贯穿整个研究区,关键廊道连接了绝大多数的绿洲生态源地,辅助廊道是连接没有与关键廊道连接的源地之间的通道,识别的生态节点主要分布在绿洲生态廊道的薄弱环节处,共计36个。将划分的生态缓冲区、生态连通区、生态过渡区、生态边缘区5个功能区和生态源地、生态廊道及生态节点景观组分相结合,并提出优化建议,以期为维持及进一步改善该绿洲生态环境提供科学依据。     

华北农牧交错带农田-草地界面土壤水分的空间特征

利用经典统计与地统计学方法,对华北农牧交错带农田-草地界面不同采样粒度（1 m×1 m、2 m×2 m）0～50 cm土层土壤水分的空间异质性进行了分析.结果表明：研究区农田、草地、农田-草地界面土壤水分均属中等变异,草地土壤水分的变异系数较农田大;土壤水分的变异系数随土层深度的增加而逐渐增大,且1 m×1 m采样粒度下农田-草地界面土壤水分变异系数与土壤深度呈显著相关(P＜0.05);1 m×1 m采样粒度下,农田-草地界面各土层土壤水分的空间异质性明显高于邻近的农田和草地,表现为中度到强度的空间自相关性,变程在7.65～30.99 m,且具斑块分布格局;2 m×2 m采样粒度下,农田-草地界面各土层土壤水分的空间结构既有中到强度的空间自相关性,又有完全随机化的纯块金效应,变程在4.16～18.86 m;在农田-草地边界存在土壤水分的界面效应.     

景观边界影响域研究进展

景观边界影响域研究是景观边界研究的重要组成部分,也是景观生态学国内外研究的一个热点问题.本文主要从景观边界影响域的定量判定方法、非生物因子边界影响域、生物因子边界影响域的研究以及边界影响域的影响因子等方面综述了国外近几十年边界影响域的研究进展.并在探讨国内景观边界影响域的研究现状基础上,对边界影响域的研究前景进行展望.     

European butterfly populations vary in sensitivity to weather across their geographical ranges

Aim

The aim was to assess the sensitivity of butterfly population dynamics to variation in weather conditions across their geographical ranges, relative to sensitivity to density dependence, and determine whether sensitivity is greater towards latitudinal range margins.

Location

Europe.

Time period

1980–2014.

Major taxa studied

Butterflies.

Methods

We use long‐term (35 years) butterfly monitoring data from > 900 sites, ranging from Finland to Spain, grouping sites into 2° latitudinal bands. For 12 univoltine butterfly species with sufficient data from at least four bands, we construct population growth rate models that include density dependence, temperature and precipitation during distinct life‐cycle periods, defined to accommodate regional variation in phenology. We use partial R² values as indicators of butterfly population dynamics' sensitivity to weather and density dependence, and assess how these vary with latitudinal position within a species' distribution.

Results

Population growth rates appear uniformly sensitive to density dependence across species' geographical distributions, and sensitivity to density dependence is typically greater than sensitivity to weather. Sensitivity to weather is greatest towards range edges, with symmetry in northern and southern parts of the range. This pattern is not driven by variation in the magnitude of weather variability across the range, topographic heterogeneity, latitudinal range extent or phylogeny. Significant weather variables in population growth rate models appear evenly distributed across the life cycle and across temperature and precipitation, with substantial intraspecific variation across the geographical ranges in the associations between population dynamics and specific weather variables.

Main conclusions

Range‐edge populations appear more sensitive to changes in weather than those nearer the centre of species' distributions, but density dependence does not exhibit this pattern. Precipitation is as important as temperature in driving butterfly population dynamics. Intraspecific variation in the form and strength of sensitivity to weather suggests that there may be important geographical variation in populations' responses to climate change.     

开垦对绿洲农田碳氮累积及其与作物产量关系的影响

以新疆策勒绿洲近百年来不同开垦年限农田为研究对象,采用空间序列换算时间序列的方法,研究绿洲农田开垦过程中土壤有机碳和全氮密度、碳氮比(C/N)及速效氮含量的垂直变化特征,并探讨了农田土壤碳氮变化与作物产量的关系。结果表明:荒漠土壤开垦后,显著增加了表层土壤(0-20 cm)有机碳和全氮密度,随开垦年限延长对深层土壤(40-200 cm)有机碳密度也有一定的影响,如在开垦30 a左右时下降了36.4%,但在100 a左右时则增加了52.0%。耕层土壤C/N随开垦年限延长而明显增加,深层土壤除100 a农田外其它均有不同程度下降;不同土层C/N与速效氮含量呈负相关关系,仅在开垦初期(0-10 a)达到显著水平。不同年限农田的玉米产量存在显著差异,且和有机碳及全氮密度(0-200 cm)均呈显著正相关;棉花除100和10 a农田产量差异较小外,在其它农田间均达显著水平,但和有机碳及全氮密度无明显相关性。由此可见,在现有投入条件下,提高土壤碳氮累积量对增加玉米产量仍有十分重要作用,但对棉花产量的影响不明显。