珍稀濒危植物迁地保护策略中植物营养问题的探讨

营养缺乏、过量或不平衡都会直接导致植物生长繁殖障碍甚至死亡,通过改良土壤或补充矿质元素来解决这些问题是植物营养学研究的主要内容。这一学科的研究范围已经从传统人工生态系统发展到自然生态系统中。但总的来说,这一学科还没有真正渗透到珍稀濒危物种的迁地保护领域中来。中国各植物园目前正在开展大规模的珍稀濒危植物迁地保护工作,但人们都只重视了物种的引入,却忽视了它们在迁地保护过程中业已存在和可预见的生长繁殖障碍,对迁地保护植物的研究很少涉及其生长繁殖所需的营养条件。针对这一现状,本文提出了目前应开展的几项工作:(1)明确优先开展植物营养学研究的物种范围;(2)物种原产地土壤与植物化学元素背景值的分析;(3)迁地保护物种营养状况动态监测与营养诊断。该研究思路的提出,无论是从植物营养学与植物保育学的学科交叉角度,还是从珍稀濒危物种迁地保护保育策略的理论探索与解决实际问题的角度,都具有十分重要的意义。     

ToCV单独侵染和TYLCV&ToCV复合侵染番茄植株上烟粉虱寄主适应性及寄主植物营养成分含量和防御反应变化

[目的]本研究以番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)和番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)为主体,旨在明确ToCV单独侵染及TYLCV&ToCV复合侵染对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种寄主适应性的影响,并从寄主植物营...     

磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析方法及其在微生物生态学领域的应用

应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析技术对微生物群落进行定量分布,克服了传统的微生物培养方法和显微技术的局限性。介绍了磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析方法及其在微生物生态学领域中的应用,包括对微生物群落的生物量、群落结构、营养状况和新陈代谢活动等方面的研究。     

LED短期连续光照与氮营养对水培生菜品质的影响

设置10和15 mmol·L^-12个氮水平处理,NO₃^- -N∶NH₄⁺-N比例分别为1∶0、4∶1和1∶1的3个氮形态处理,水培紫叶生菜,研究其在LED红蓝组合光短期连续光照(SCL)后的品质提升效果.结果表明： 各处理生菜地上部干质量在LED光源SCL处理后均显著提高,最小增幅为35.1%,根系干质量除NO₃^- -N∶NH₄⁺-N为1∶1且氮水平为15 mmol·L^-1的处理和NO₃^- -N∶NH₄⁺-N为1∶0且氮水平为10 mmol·L^-1的处理外,差异都达到显著水平.SCL处理前,不同氮营养处理生菜总酚、类黄酮相对含量差异不显著.SCL处理后,不同氮营养条件下生菜总酚、类黄酮和花青素相对含量差异显著.2种氮水平下,总酚和类黄酮相对含量随铵氮比例的提高而增加,花青素相对含量随铵氮比例增加而先降低后升高.SCL处理使生菜叶片、叶柄硝酸盐含量显著降低,其中叶片硝酸盐含量降低23.2%,生菜叶片抗坏血酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均显著提高.叶片硝酸盐含量降低速率随氮水平和铵氮比例的增加而提高.抗坏血酸含量增加速率主要受氮水平影响,氮水平较低时抗坏血酸含量增加速率较高.可溶性糖含量增加速率随着铵氮比例的增加而增加.SCL处理显著提高了不同氮营养水培生菜干物质的积累,同时显著降低了硝酸盐的积累,显著提高了抗坏血酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,氮营养条件对SCL改善生菜品质的速率有显著影响.     

ROLE OF FETAL AND INFANT GROWTH IN PROGRAMMING METABOLISM IN LATER LIFE

Fetal growth and development is dependent upon the nutritional, hormonal and metabolic environment provided by the mother. Any disturbance in this environment can modify early fetal development with possible long-term outcomes as demonstrated by extensive work on ‘programming’. Growth restriction resulting from a deficit in tissue/organ cell number (as measured by tissue DNA content) is irrecoverable. However, when the cell size (or cell protein content) is reduced, the effects on growth may not be permanent. Recent epidemiological studies using archival records of anthropometric measurements related to early growth in humans have shown strong statistical associations between these indices of early development and diseases in later life. It has been hypothesised that the processes explaining these associations involve adaptive changes in fetal organ development in response to maternal and fetal malnutrition. These adaptations may permanently alter adult metabolism in a way which is beneficial to survival under continued conditions of malnutrition but detrimental when nutrition is abundant. This hypothesis is being tested in a rat model which involves studying the growth and metabolism in the offspring of rat dams fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy and/or lactation. Using this rat model, it has been demonstrated that there is:

• (i) Permanent growth retardation in offspring nursed by dams fed a low-protein diet.
• (ii) Permanent and selective changes in organ growth. Essential organs like the brain and lungs are relatively protected from reduction in growth at the expense of visceral organs such as the liver, pancreas, muscle and spleen.
• (iii) Programming of liver metabolism as reflected by permanent changes in activities of key hepatic enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (glucokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) in a direction which would potentially bias the liver towards a ‘starved’ setting. We have speculated that these changes could be a result of altered periportal and perivenous regions of the liver which may also affect other aspects of hepatic function.
• (iv) Deterioration in glucose tolerance with age.
• (v) An increase in the life span of offspring exposed to maternal protein restriction only during the lactation period, and a decrease in life span when exposed to maternal protein restriction only during gestation.

These studies show that hepatic metabolism and even longevity can be programmed by events during early life.     

不同配比红蓝LED光对黄瓜果实产量和品质的影响

以荧光灯为对照,研究不同配比红蓝LED光处理﹝包括100%红光、75%红光-25%蓝光( R31)、50%红光-50%蓝光(R11)、25%红光-75%蓝光(R13)和100%蓝光﹞对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn.)果实性状、产量及营养品质的影响。结果表明：100%红光处理组黄瓜植株生长缓慢,果实发育异常,果实单株产量及VC、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量均低于其他处理组。100%蓝光处理组的果实发育正常,果实单株产量显著低于红蓝LED光组合处理组,而果实中可溶性糖、蔗糖、游离氨基酸和可溶性固形物的含量总体上显著高于其他处理组,可溶性蛋白质含量也较高。 R31处理组黄瓜果实的单果鲜质量显著高于其他处理组;R31和R11处理组的果实单株产量显著高于其他处理组,R11处理组的黄瓜果实中VC和可溶性蛋白质含量明显高于其他处理组。上述研究结果显示：黄瓜果实的单株产量和营养品质受红蓝光协同作用的影响,设施栽培黄瓜生产的较适宜光照比例为50%红光-50%蓝光。     

Systems Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli Improves Coconversion of Lignocellulose‐Derived Sugars

Currently, microbial conversion of lignocellulose‐derived glucose and xylose to biofuels is hindered by the fact that most microbes (including Escherichia coli [E. coli], Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Zymomonas mobilis) preferentially consume glucose first and consume xylose slowly after glucose is depleted in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In this study, E. coli strains are developed that simultaneously utilize glucose and xylose in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate using genome‐scale models and adaptive laboratory evolution. E. coli strains are designed and constructed that coutilize glucose and xylose and adaptively evolve them to improve glucose and xylose utilization. Whole‐genome resequencing of the evolved strains find relevant mutations in metabolic and regulatory genes and the mutations’ involvement in sugar coutilization is investigated. The developed strains show significantly improved coconversion of sugars in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates and provide a promising platform for producing next‐generation biofuels.     

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域夏季食物网研究

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场在针对珊瑚礁修复工作、热带海洋牧场建设等方面取得了不错的效果,但海洋牧场区域的营养结构仍需要长期的监测评估。于2020年7月海洋生物调查共采集52种主要消费者,以碳(δ¹³C)、氮(δ¹⁵N)稳定同位素技术为基础,首次构建三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域食物网并进行研究。结果表明：(1)主要消费者的δ¹³C值范围在-19.10‰—-12.74‰之间,平均值为(-16.99±1.52)‰;δ¹⁵N值范围为6.43‰—14.03‰,平均值(11.24±1.70)‰。单因素方差分析结果显示,不同类群之间碳氮稳定同位素均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。(2)大型海藻和底栖微藻对主要消费者的贡献率最大为41.50%,沉积有机物(SOM)和浮游植物也是消费者的重要碳源(贡献率分别为20.05%、19.97%),悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)对消费者的碳源贡献率最低,为18.48%。(3)三亚蜈支洲岛牧场区域主要消费者的营养级范围为1.53—3.76,主要消费者营养层次分布两端少,中间多。通过系统聚类分...     

三江源高寒草地牧草营养时空分布

草地的产草量和牧草品质影响着草地载畜量和草食动物的营养状况、生命活动及生产性能。以三江源及其周边地区的天然草地不同生长期（返青期,盛草期,枯黄期）牧草为对象,分析草地产草量及牧草品质的时空格局。结果显示：从整个区域看,草地生产力、可食牧草产量以及粗蛋白产量(Crude Protein, CP)分布均具有较明显的地域差异性,三者的高值区大多分布在三江源东部及南部的高寒草甸区,三者的低值区主要在三江源中部和西部的草甸及高寒草原区;大部分地区总生产力和可食牧草产量盛草期显著高于枯黄期,枯黄期显著高于返青期。粗蛋白产量在大部分地区呈现出盛草期显著高于返青期和枯黄期,返青期和枯黄期差异不明显,少数地区返青期显著高于盛草期和枯黄期,盛草期显著高于枯黄期（如：可可西里）;CP含量及产量在三江源区空间上的分布,均为南部地区高于北部地区,东部农牧交错区高于西部无人区;所有区域CP含量的返青期为最高,枯黄期为最低,而其他养分含量在不同区域的季节波动并不一致;盛草期牧草CP含量随海拔升高先增加后减小,粗灰分随着海拔升高而显著增加,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量随着海拔升高呈降低趋势。结论：三江源及周边地区牧草生产力、可食牧草产量以及CP产量较高,可食性较好;三江源多数地区高寒草地牧草营养质量相对较好,牧草在返青期营养价值最高（蛋白高,纤维低）,到盛草期,牧草产量及营养物质输出量达到最高峰,进入枯黄期的牧草营养质量低劣,此时应进行补饲,以提高家畜生产性能。三江源区可利用草地主要集中在东部、南部和东南部,该区牧草品质较高、利用潜力（粗蛋白产量）较大,可适度利用开发。