Phytoplankton ecology of the Lake of Menteith,Scotland

The results discussed in this paper represent the first seasonal ecological study carried out on the phytoplankton of the Lake of Menteith. All measured nutrients reached maximum levels during the winter, with silicate showing particularly high concentrations (up to 85 µg at Si l^–1). During the summer period phosphate, nitrate and silicate showed almost complete exhaustion in surface waters. The lake water was consistently alkaline, never falling below pH 7, while the alkalinity ranged from 20 to 24 mg CaCO₃ l^–1. Generally, the nutrient status of the main inflow had a rapid effect on the water quality of the lake.The region of the lake under investigation showed no thermal stratification at any period of the year, although continuous thermal gradients were recorded in the winter. The continual circulation of the water mass probably prevented oxygen saturation from falling below 77% even following a large phytoplankton bloom and subsequent decomposition.From an examination of net phytoplankton samples the Lake of Menteith could be described as blue-green or blue-green/diatom in nature. From the quantitative study, large pulses of Melosira, Asterionella and Fragilaria were recorded in the spring. The disappearance of the species appears to be related to silicate limitation. The summer growth of Asterionella may have been promoted by a nitrogen source other than nitrate and nitrite, both of which were reduced to critical levels. This alternative source of combined nitrogen may have been contributed by nitrogen-fixing algae in the lake. Three species of Anabaena were recorded, all of which produced large populations during the year.Department of Botany, The University of GlasgowPresent Address: Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimaniyah, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq     

Limnological characteristics of several lakes on the Lake Wales Ridge,South-Central Florida

Three lakes near the southern terminus of the Lake Wales Ridge of south-central Florida were studied. The lakes, all connected by either natural drainage or canals, vary significantly in terms of shoreline development. All three lakes are soft water systems with low concentrations of dissolved nutrients; however, rates of primary productivity and chlorophyll a appear to be correlated with the degree of shoreline development. Nutrient enrichment bioassay experiments in the laboratory showed that, in general, water from all the lakes responded to additions of nitrogen and phosphorus in combination. Samples from only one lake responded to enrichment with phosphorus alone, and no samples to additions of nitrogen alone.Two of the lakes can be classified as oligotrophic while the third is most probably eutrophic.     

Growth interactions among blue-green (Anabaena Oscillarioides,Microcystis aeruginosa) and green (Chlorella sp.) algae

The growth interactions amongst the blue-green algal species Anabaena oscillarioides, Microcystis aeruginosa and the green alga, Chlorella sp. were studied both in mixed cultures and in filter cultures separated by a membrane filter in the two arms of an interaction U-tube. The role of nutrients especially phosphate upon the interaction has also been studied. Anabaena and Microcystis both inhibited the growth of Chlorella while Microcystis also inhibited the growth of Anabaena. The inhibitory effect of Microcystis was found to be dependent on high concentrations of the initial algal inocula and independent of the initial concentration of nutrients such as inorganic phosphate, indicating that the nature of the inhibition is probably due to the production of inhibitory extracellular products by Microcystis. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of Anabaena on Chlorella is the consequence of nutrient competition with Anabaena competing more effectively for the available phosphate.     

Changes in phosphorus concentrations in a eutrophic lake as a result of macrophyte-kill following herbicide application

Phosphorus (P) concentrations in water and sediment of a highly eutrophic lake were monitored before and after application of diquat to control the macrophyte Potamogeton crispus. Only a relatively small and short-term increase in P concentration in water occurred shortly after plant die-off resulting from herbicide application. Phosphorus concentrations in shallow water sediments decreased during the summer, and those in deep water sediments increased. Although a large increase in P concentration in the water occurred in late summer, it was not attributed to diquat. No major secondary effects of herbicide application were found during this study.     

武夷山五种竹子叶、枝、秆碳氮磷化学计量对生长阶段和海拔的响应

探究竹子化学计量特征对生长阶段和海拔的响应对于了解其生理生态特征及生长适应策略至关重要。对武夷山沿海拔分布的五种典型竹子叶、枝、秆的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及化学计量内稳态指数(H)进行两个生长阶段的测定。结果显示不论生长阶段的变化,各器官N、P含量的变异系数均显著大于C含量,且秆的N、P含量变异系数要显著大于叶片和竹枝,但不同生长阶段并未改变秆的N∶P (12∶1)。毛竹4月份枝和8月份叶的N、P含量均随海拔增加而降低,而箬竹叶的N、P含量均随海拔增加而增加。海拔和生长阶段的交互作用显著提高了竹秆N含量对生长阶段变化的响应。竹叶N和秆的N、P含量在不同生长阶段具有明显的内稳性调控机制,但竹枝N、P的内稳性特征表现不明显。总而言之,这些结果一方面反映了武夷山五种竹子偏向于选择维持叶N含量的内稳态机制,另一方面调节秆N、P含量的协变来应对海拔和生长阶段变化中养分的利用策略。     

基于高通量测序的闽楠幼林根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落变化

[背景]闽楠是珍贵用材树种.阐明闽楠根际土壤微生物特征,对科学经营闽楠人工林有指导作用.[目的]明确闽楠人工林恢复过程中根际土壤丛枝菌根群落随林龄的变化特征.[方法]采用高通量Illumina MiSeq测序的方法,评估不同林龄闽楠幼林根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi,AMF...     

氮负荷增强对闽江河口芦苇残体分解及其养分释放的影响

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩西北部的纯芦苇湿地为研究对象,基于野外氮负荷增强分解试验,探讨了氮负荷增强对芦苇残体分解及其养分释放的影响。试验设置了4个氮负荷水平,即NL0（无氮负荷处理,0 g N m^-2 a^-1）、NL1（低氮负荷处理,12.5 g N m^-2 a^-1）、NL2（中氮负荷处理,25.0 g N m^-2 a^-1）和NL3（高氮负荷处理,75.0 g N m^-2 a^-1）。结果表明,不同氮负荷处理下残体的分解速率整体表现为NL2（0.00284 d^-1）>NL1（0.00263 d^-1）>NL0（0.00257 d^-1）>NL3（0.00250 d^-1）,低氮和中氮负荷总体促进了残体分解,而高氮负荷抑制了残体分解,原因主要与不同处理下残体分解过程中基质质量及pH的明显改变有关。不同氮负荷处理下,残体中的全碳（TC）含量在分解期间均呈不同波动变化特征;全氮（TN）和全磷（TP）含量均在分解初期（0-30 d）骤然降低,之后则呈不同波动变化,其中TN含量呈波动上升变化,而TP含量呈小幅波动变化。残留率是影响不同氮负荷处理下残体分解期间碳（C）、氮（N）和磷（P）净释放的共性因素,而氮负荷增强导致的残体基质质量（C/N、C/P、N/P）和主要环境因子（pH、电导率（EC））改变影响了其释放强度。研究发现,在氮负荷增强背景下残体养分的累积与释放发生了明显改变,闽江河口氮负荷水平的增加整体将抑制芦苇残体中C、N养分的释放,但其在分解中后期（90-240 d）可能对P养分释放具有较为明显的促进作用。     

基于随机森林法的山核桃林地土壤速效养分含量空间分布特征研究

土壤氮磷钾是土壤肥力管理的重要元素,是植物生长的必要养分元素。对土壤氮磷钾的空间分布进行特征解译,可为精准管理临安山核桃产区林地土壤肥力,促进山核桃林产业可持续发展提供理论依据。研究以临安山核桃主产区为研究区域,利用随机森林（RF）、普通克里格（OK）和Shapley加性解释（SHAP）方法,结合地形因子、气候因子、土壤因子、遥感因子等环境变量,对山核桃林地土壤碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）的空间分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明：相比于OK模型,基于环境协变量所构建的RF模型对AN、AP和AK含量空间分布预测表现最佳,R²分别为0.68、0.60和0.64,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为20.005、10.287和22.426,平均绝对误差（MAE）分别为15.425、7.709 和21.628。RF模型SHAP分析显示,AN和AK含量分布主要受土壤有机质（SOM）的影响,并且SOM与AN和AK存在正相关性;AP主要受pH的影响,其次为色调指数,AP与pH和色调指数均具有负相关性;AK和AP同时受到海拔和坡向的影响。两种模型预测的氮磷钾空间分布趋势总体相似,不同速效养分存在明显的空间异质性。碱解氮高值区域主要分布于研究区东部;有效磷高值区域主要分布于研究区西部,但分散度高;速效钾高值区域则主要分布于研究区中部。总体而言,基于随机森林模型可以高精度模拟山核桃林地土壤氮磷钾含量空间分布特征,并依据主要环境协变量对土壤氮磷钾的影响关系,提出相应改良措施。在有效磷含量低值区域可以施用石灰来缓解土壤酸化,同时补追磷肥;碱解氮含量高值区域可以合理减少氮肥施用;速效钾含量低值区域合理施加钾肥;对于海拔较高及迎风坡多降雨的区域,可以构建林下高效水土保持植被,减轻水土流失;在林地施用有机肥料,改善土壤理化性质,增加土壤养分含量。     

长期养分添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,是土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动的主要参与者,在维持土壤生态系统过程和功能方面发挥着关键作用。以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术,探讨连续12年氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分单一添加和复合添加条件下草地土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构特征的变化及其主要影响因素。结果表明,长期养分添加条件下,土壤有机碳和全氮均无显著变化,但磷(P、NP、PK、NPK)和钾(K、NK、PK、NPK)添加处理分别显著提高了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量(P < 0.05)。单一氮添加显著增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,并显著降低了土壤pH值(P < 0.05)。单一磷和钾添加均提高了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌和总PLFA含量,而单一氮添加和复合养分添加(NP、NK、PK、NPK)均显著降低了以上指标的含量(P < 0.05)。此外,各养分添加处理均未显著改变革兰氏阳性细菌与革兰氏阴性细菌比(G⁺/G^-),但含氮的复合添加处理(NP、NK、NPK)均显著降低了真菌与细菌比 (F/B) (P < 0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,多种微生物PLFA含量与速效磷和铵态氮显著负相关,与土壤pH值显著正相关。基于冗余分析和随机森林模型分析发现土壤pH值和土壤磷含量是影响土壤微生物群落特征的主要驱动因素。综上,长期养分添加显著改变了土壤速效养分含量和土壤pH值,并显著影响了土壤微生物群落结构。