张家界市部分农作物可食部位硒含量研究

采用国家标准( GB/T5009.93-2003),用荧光分光光度计对张家界市22种农作物40个样本可食部位中的硒含量进行了分析.结果表明,测定的22个种类40个样本均属于富硒及高硒作物,以茶叶的硒平均含量最高为2.0102 mg/kg,其次是豆类平均含量为1.8518 mg/kg,薯类含量最低为1.0240 mg/kg.所测定的各种作物可食部位富硒能力依次为:茶叶2.0102 mg/kg＞豆类(干)1.8518 mg/kg＞水稻、玉米1.5326 mg/kg＞蔬菜类1.3438 mg/kg＞水果类1.0783 mg/kg＞薯类1.0240 mg/kg.该研究确定了部分农作物硒含量的水平及富硒作物品种.     

中国作物种质资源引进与流出研究

引进国外种质、促进粮食生产,对中国至关重要。中国每年从世界各地引进大量的作物遗传资源,如水稻、小麦、玉米、马铃薯、甘薯,当然主要是从国际农业研究磋商组织(CGIAR)各中心引进的。同时,中国也向国际农业研究磋商组织各中心和其他国家提供了许多作物遗传资源(如大豆),为世界做出了巨大贡献。种质资源的流动有利于中国,因此中国应该与国际农业研究磋商组织各中心和其他国家加强合作,组织专家系统研究并争取尽快加入《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》,强化统一管理,规范种质资源引进与输出,建立共享机制,推进种质资源共享。     

华南主要作物和蔬果类现代花粉形态及农业考古研究价值

本文对华南地区主要的19科31种作物和蔬果类花粉进行了形态学研究,包括镜下观察、拍照和特征描述与对比。本研究涉及的花粉包括粮食作物4种,蔬菜类16种,水果类8种,油料和经济作物3种等。结果表明,不同作物的花粉在形态、大小、萌发器官和外壁纹饰等方面有明显的差别,同一科植物花粉的主要形态虽有相似之处,但根据某些细微结构特征,并通过统计学方法在一定程度上可以对相近的种类进行区别。本文对十字花科芸苔属4种蔬菜花粉(油菜、芥菜、菜心和小白菜)的扁率(赤道轴长/极轴长)以及外壁网眼长轴长度分别进行测量,发现外壁网眼长轴长度对于4种蔬菜的区分不明显,而扁率则分异显著,可为十字花科花粉种属判别提供依据。对重庆阿蓬江涪碛口遗址剖面中自明清时期以来的伴人植物十字花科花粉赤道轴长与外壁网眼长轴长度进行了测量,判别出文化层中的十字花科花粉可能为菜心类型。稻田中保存的水稻花粉直径约为34—38μm,结合水稻花粉的其它特征可以应用到全新世地层的水稻花粉鉴定。     

抗虫基因研究及在芸薹属作物上的应用

芸薹属作物属十字花科,包括多种重要的蔬菜和油料作物。该类作物易受病虫害侵袭,造成品质和产量严重受损。化学方法防治害虫不仅破坏环境而且费用昂贵,所以培育抗虫品种成为既经济又环保的措施之一。但由于目前抗虫资源匮乏,难以通过常规育种培育出抗虫的品种,植物基因工程技术的应用,能加快育种进程,提高育种效率。简要介绍近年来抗虫基因的发掘及其在芸薹属中的应用进展。     

新疆棉区主要害虫的演替及其机理分析

阐述了新疆棉区主要害虫的演替及其机理。1950～1960年主要害虫为黄地老虎、牧草盲蝽象、烟蓟马、苜蓿蚜为主;1970～1980年以棉铃虫、烟蓟马、棉长管蚜、棉红蜘蛛为主;从1990年开始以棉铃虫、棉蚜、棉红蜘蛛为主。导致这一演替的主要原因为作物布局、耕作制度、栽培方法、管理技术的变化和农药化肥的过量施用。     

血液灌流救治危重型毒蛇咬伤的临床护理

目的探讨血液灌流(HP)救治重型毒蛇咬伤的临床治疗和护理方法.方法采用德国生产的型号为Adsorda300C的血液灌流器、CVVH导管为重症毒蛇咬伤病人行HP救治,护士配合医生,认真做好HP术前、术中、术后的观察与护理工作.结果5例患者行HP时间为4h,均为一次性炭肾治疗成功,痊愈出院.结论HP能及时有效的清除血中毒物,治疗效果确切,疗效快.在行HP技术时,护士应充分做好准备,掌握娴熟的专科操作技术,密切观察病情变化,保持各种管道通畅,保护好穿刺部位,及时处理各种并发症,才能保证HP的顺利进行.     

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica)—Biology,Ecology, and Management

Cogongrass is considered to be one of the ten most troublesome and problematic weedy species in the world. This species is found throughout tropical and subtropical regions, generally in areas disturbed by human activities. Over 100 common names have been associated with cogongrass, including japgrass, speargrass, alang-alang, and bladygrass. Although this species has several commercial uses, the problems associated with its weediness far outweigh most positive benefits. Cogongrass is a major impediment to reforestation efforts in southeast Asia, the number one weed in agronomic and vegetable production in many parts of Africa, and is responsible for thousands of hectares of lost native habitat in the southeastern U.S. Biologically, cogongrass possesses several features that foster its spread and persistence. Management efforts for cogongrass consist of an integrated approach with several control strategies. In agronomic production, the use of cover crops is widely successful, but incorporation into the overall production scheme is challenging. Success has been achieved with continuous deep tillage or chemical applications, but long-term eradication/suppression must employ sustainable revegetation strategies.     

试纸条技术在转基因农作物检测中的应用

简述了试纸条技术的基本原理及试纸条技术在转基因农作物检测中的优势与不足 ,并对试纸条技术对转基因农作物检测的应用进行了展望。     

国内外转基因作物产业化的比较

当前,全球转基因作物研发和产业化迅猛发展, 创造了巨大的经济、社会和生态效益。转基因作物产业化发展的快慢, 是关系到我国农业可持续发展和提高农产品国际竞争力的重大问题。就国内外转基因作物的产业化进行了优劣势比较, 并从影响转基因作物产业化的技术瓶颈和安全性监管两方面进行了探讨。     

Phosphorus management for perennial crops in central Amazonian upland soils

The present contribution discusses the soil P status of central Amazonian upland soils, the effects of tree crops on soil P availability and the factors controlling soil P cycling in land use systems with tree crops. Soil fertility management has to target the prevalent P deficiency by adequate P fertilization, especially in southern and northern municipalities of central Amazônia where the largest areas with severe P deficiency are found. P fixation to clay minerals is not a major obstacle for P management in the highly weathered upland soils of the central Amazon due to their low Al- and Fe-oxide contents. Low total soil P amounts are mainly responsible for low P availability. Tree crops are found to be especially suitable for land use under low-P-input conditions. Their large P return to soil by litterfall and pruning improves soil P availability. Additionally, litter quality affects P release and soil P availability. Both aspects, quantity and quality effects, are strongly dependent on tree species. Phosphorus sorption does not seem to be reduced by different litter types confirming earlier results that P fixation is not a major problem in central Amazonian upland soils. In conclusion, biological approaches are more important than physical approaches to improve soil P availability in central Amazonian Oxisols. With large P cycling through soil microbial biomass and between plant and soil, a higher availability of added P can be maintained and P applications only need to replenish P exports by harvest. Low P additions will improve productivity also for long-term uptake by trees. This is of high importance in regions with poor infrastructure and the lack of financial resources.