真菌发育过程中的蓝光诱导

本文对多种真菌在发育过程中受蓝光诱导的现象进行了综述。蓝光可以诱导多种真菌的形态发生和发育,包括孢子的产生和菌丝的延伸等。此外,蓝光还可引起真菌的生理和生化改变,如细胞膜对离子的通透性的变化、类胡萝卜素的合成等。真菌也存在一个蓝光信号系统,通过蓝光受体接受蓝光信号,导致了真菌的一系列形态发生和生理生化的变化。     

Reversible uncoupling of energy transfer between phycobilins and chlorophyll in Anacystis nidulans. Light stimulation of cold-induced phycobilisome detachment

Phycobilin fluorescence of Anacystis nidulans grown at 28°C increases substantially upon cooling below 10°C. A maximal increase is found around ?5°C and amounts to 300%, with almost complete reversibility upon re-warming. Illumination with actinic light leads to considerable stimulation of the cold-induced phycobilin fluorescence increase. Analysis of the light stimulation phenomenon reveals: (1) Actinic illumination shifts the fluorescence-temperature characteristic by about 3°C upwards on the T-axis. At temperatures below 5°C the light stimulating effect becomes smaller again and fluorescence-temperature characteristics measured at high and low light intensity converge around ?5°C. (2) In the 13-8°C region a large (up to 100%) light-induced phycobilin fluorescence increase is observed, while only negligible changes occur in the dark. (3) 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) as well as uncouplers inhibit the light stimulation, which hence depends on coupled electron transport.In agreement with previous work (Schreiber, U. (1979) FEBS Lett. 107, 4–9) it is concluded that illumination enhances cold-induced phycobilisome detachment by increasing the net negative charge at the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane. The possible role of a fluid → ordered transition of membrane lipids (Murata, N. and Fork, D.C. (1975) Plant Physiol. 56, 791–796) is discussed.     

Differential expression inArabidopsis ofLhca2, a PSI cab gene

A cDNA clone of the geneLhca2 encoding a photosystem I (PSI) type II chlorophylla/b-binding protein was isolated fromArabidopsis thaliana. The isolation of this, the fourth PSI cab gene fromArabidopsis, confirms a previous report [1] that indicatedArabidopsis may contain all four PSI cab genes identified in other plant species.Lhca2 is a single-copy gene as are the other knownArabidopsis PSI cab genes. The patterns of developmental expression and tissue-specific regulation ofLhca2 are similar to those of other PSI and PSII cab genes, but the light induction pattern and the steady-state mRNA level ofLhca2 are distinct. This suggests that a different mechanism may be employed to regulate the expression ofLhca2.     

Induction of a white laccase from the deuteromycete Myrothecium verrucaria NF-05 and its potential in decolorization of dyes

Myrothecium verrucaria NF-05 is a deuteromycete fungus capable of producing a white laccase. The optimal concentration of Cu²⁺ for laccase production by this strain is 0.2 mM (43.23 ± 1.16 U mL^{? 1}). A comprehensive investigation of the induction demonstrated that NF-05 laccase production could be synergistically enhanced by various inducers, including aromatic phenols, amines and recalcitrant dyes, in the presence of 0.2 mM Cu²⁺. Sixteen phenols, fourteen amines and four dyes exhibited significant inductive effects on laccase production. The best inducer was 3, 3’-dimethylbenzidine, which increased laccase production to 258.1 ± 11.1 U mL^{? 1}. These results suggest that M. verrucaria NF-05 is a promising industrial laccase producer. Based on the increased production, purified NF-05 laccase was used to decolorize dyes of various structural types in the presence of six redox mediators. Among the 26 tested dyes, the decolorization rate of six azo dyes, chromotrope 2R, orange G6, Congo red, Ponceau S, amaranth and reactive yellow 135 and two arylmethane dyes, fast green 3 and neutral red, were significantly increased by each of the six mediators. These results demonstrate the potential use of the NF-05 laccase for the decolorization of recalcitrant dyes in dye bleaching and effluent detoxification.     

Induction of microspore embryogenesis inBrassica napus L. by gamma irradiation and ethanol stress

Summary Gamma irradiation and ethanol stress treatments redirected pollen development to an embryo formation pathway inBrassica napus. Less than 0.01% of microspores developed into embryos at 25°C compared to approximately 2% at 32°C. However, subsequent to gamma irradiation and ethanol treatments up to 1% and 0.7% of microspores formed embryos at 25°C, respectively. Gamma irradiation also enhanced embryogenesis at 32°C. The possible importance of these findings is discussed in relation to microspore embryogenesis.     

Identification and characterization of flavonoids in the root exudate of Robinia pseudoacacia

 Eight compounds exuded from young roots of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) were separated by two-dimensional HPTLC, by HPLC and GC, and were identified by spectroscopic methods (ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) as 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone, apigenin, naringenin, chrysoeriol and isoliquiritigenin. Structural assignments were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. The capacity to induce β-galactosidase activity in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 containing a nod box::lacZ fusion on plasmid pA27 identified these flavonoids and the chalcone as nod gene inducers. This indicates the important role of these compounds in nodulation of this legume tree. Received: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 9 September 1996     

In vitro induction of bilirubin conjugation in primary rat hepatocyte culture

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) is a critical enzyme in the elimination of bilirubin. The aim of our study was to investigate bilirubin conjugation in primary rat hepatocyte culture and the in vitro inducibility of this isoenzyme by inducing compounds of different classes: dexamethasone, clofibrate, rifampicin, and methylcholanthrene. Hepatocytes exhibited a marked decline in UGT1A1 activity in the first 4 h of culturing (10% of initial activity) and the recovery took 72 h. Immunoblot analysis proved that the loss of enzyme activity was associated with the decrease of protein concentration. Marked induction was detected in the cases of dexamethasone, clofibrate, and rifampicin treatments for 96 h both in enzyme activity (178, 176, and 168%) and in UGT1A1 protein level (362, 328, and 250%). The effects of dexamethasone and clofibrate were additive (210%). Methylcholanthrene had no influence on bilirubin conjugation in our system.     

农杆菌介导的高效玉米遗传转化体系的建立

为了建立玉米高频再生及高效遗传转化体系, 对影响玉米胚性愈伤组织诱导的11个因素及影响胚性愈伤分化的9个因素用正交实验方法进行研究。结果显示, 基因型对胚性愈伤诱导有极显著影响。6-BA、培养基、AgNO3、2,4-D、ABA对胚性愈伤诱导的影响达到显著水平。多重比较分析显示ABA 2 mg/L每间隔1代添加对胚性愈伤诱导率有显著影响。在影响分化的因素中, 基因型和6-BA浓度表现出极强的主效应, NAA、培养基、KT、2,4-D对分化产生显著影响。Southern blotting 分析表明, 25 mg/L潮霉素选择压下抗性愈伤率作为转化体系优化指标是可靠的。在影响转化效率的因素中, acetosyringone (AS)使用浓度因基因型不同而表现出敏感度差异, 共培养温度24~25℃、农杆菌浓度和浸泡时间0.7 OD×15 min, 以及pH值5.5~6.2是最高转化率的优选组合。在整合后的玉米遗传转化体系中, 黄早4和综31自交系以抗性愈伤率为指标的GUS基因稳定转化率分别达到48.6%和46.2%。