鼎湖山退化马尾松林、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林土壤全磷和有效磷的比较

土壤全磷和有效磷浓度的变化随林型和季节不同而异,总的来说,其大小顺序为:季风常绿阔叶林> 混交林>马尾松林(林型);夏季>冬季>春季>秋季(季节),有效磷浓度为:秋季>春季>冬季>夏季(季 节)。收割林下层和凋落物这种人为干扰活动对土壤全磷含量的影响不明显,但对土壤有效磷含量具有显著 的影响。在试验开始时(1990年5月),土壤全磷和有效磷浓度在马尾松林保护样地(停止人为干扰)和处理样 地(按当地习惯继续收割林下层和凋落物)间的差异均不显著。经七年多的试验后,土壤全磷浓度在保护样地 和处理样地间仍十分相似,但土壤有效磷浓度在保护样地显著高于处理样地,说明保护样地在停止人为干扰 后相对于继续受干扰的处理样地其林地条件得到了改善,从而使土壤有效磷含量也得到提高。只要停止人为 干扰,鼎湖山退化马尾松林土壤有效磷供应力是可以自然恢复到季风常绿阔叶林的水平。     

南亚热带森林两种优势树种幼苗的元素含量对模拟氮沉降增加的响应

氮沉降是当前全球变化的一个重要方面,它对各类森林生态系统和植物的影响及其机制的研究是当前国际生态学界关注的问题之一。探讨了南亚带森林两种优势树种荷木(Schimasuperba)和黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocaryaconcinna)幼苗的养分状况对模拟氮沉降增加的响应。实验随机分为对照(Control)、T5、T10、T15和T305个样方,每个样方包括3个重复。所施氮肥为NH4NO3,每次溶解在10L自来水中,5个样方喷施的浓度分别为0、0.12、0.24、0.36和0.72mol·L-1。每月喷施2次,5个样方一年喷施的总氮量分别相当于氮沉降率0、5、10、15和30g·m-2·a-1。经过11个月的处理,土壤中速效氮水平明显提高,而pH值下降。两种幼苗叶、枝干和根的氮含量随处理水平的增加而升高,但P、K、Ca和Mg的含量与对照相比普遍下降。荷木幼苗的单株氮贮量除T5处理外,所有处理样方均高于对照,但以T10样方最高;黄果厚壳桂幼苗的单株氮贮量随处理水平增加而增加,在T15样方达最大值,之后下降。氮处理引起两种幼苗体内的氮分配到枝干的比例增加,但分配到叶中的比例下降。两种幼苗叶、枝和根3器官中N与其他营养元素的比值随氮处理水平增加而显著增加。     

粉垄耕作对黄淮海北部土壤水分及其利用效率的影响

连年旋耕导致犁底层上移、耕层变浅、水分利用效率（Water Use Efficiency, WUE）降低,严重制约作物丰收增产,尤其进一步激化缺水地区的农业用水供需矛盾。合理的土壤耕作是有效的解决途径,为此在黄淮海北部引入了粉垄这种新型深土耕作措施。以旋耕和深松为对照,设置了粉垄30 cm、粉垄50 cm、粉垄30 cm 地膜、粉垄50 cm 地膜、粉垄30 cm裸地、粉垄50 cm裸地等共8个处理,探讨不同耕作措施对土壤水分变化过程及WUE的影响。基于土壤湿度等值线图、土壤贮水消耗和WUE的分析可知,（1）与旋耕和深松相比,粉垄耕作后的耕层疏松深厚、土壤调蓄水分能力增强、总耗水量降低、WUE提高,其中粉垄各处理的总耗水量比旋耕和深松分别减少了12.2%―16.4%、10.2%―14.5%,产量WUE则分别提高了28.3%―50.6%、19.1%―39.7%;（2）粉垄的作业深度越深越利于降雨入渗和土壤水分调蓄,但总耗水量有所增加,WUE略有下降,其中总耗水量增加了5.0%,小喇叭口期和灌浆中期的叶片WUE分别下降1.6%和1.0%,产量WUE降低2.1%;（3）粉垄后覆膜克服了表土跑墒的缺点,减少了耗水量,进一步提高了土壤调蓄水分的能力和WUE,且作业深度越深,WUE提升越多,其中粉垄30 cm 地膜、粉垄50 cm 地膜的产量WUE分别比粉垄30 cm、粉垄50 cm提高了8.5%和17.3%,粉垄50 cm 地膜的小喇叭口期和灌浆中期的叶片WUE以及产量WUE分别比粉垄30 cm 地膜提高了8.3%、7.4%和5.9%。研究结果表明,这种新型耕作措施为打破犁底层、解决耕层变浅、提高水分利用效率提供了一种新的可行方法。     

鼎湖山主要森林植物凋落物分解及其对N沉降的响应

研究了鼎湖山森林主要植物凋落物分解及其对模拟 N沉降的响应。凋落物分解速率随林分、树种和分解阶段不同而异。分解试验 3个月后 ,季风常绿阔叶林、混交林和马尾松林分解物残存量占起始量的比例平均分别为 0 .5 0 ,0 .80和 0 .87,且它们的差异均达显著水平 (p<0 .0 5 ) ;6个月后 ,这 3种林分的分解物残存量占起始量的比例平均分别为 0 .4 1、0 .73和 0 .70。试验 3个月后 ,所有试验树种中凋落物分解最快的树种是季风常绿阔叶林的锥栗 (Castanopsis chinensis,残存量占起始量的比例为0 .34)最慢为马尾松林中的马尾松 (Pinus massoniana,残存量占起始量的比例为 0 .87) ;经 6个月后 ,最快的树种是季风常绿阔叶林的华润楠 (Machilus chinensis,残存量占起始量的比例为 0 .2 5 ) ,最慢为混交林中的马尾松 (残存量占起始量的比例为0 .75 )。 N沉降对凋落物分解的影响也随林分、树种和分解阶段不同而异。在马尾松林中 ,N沉降仅在试验开始 3个月对马尾松针叶凋落物分解存在明显的促进作用 (p<0 .0 5 )。在混交林中 ,经 6个月试验后 ,低 N处理对马尾松针叶凋落物分解仍无明显作用 ,中 N处理则明显促进其分解 (p<0 .0 5 ) ,但在两次取样中 N沉降处理对荷木 (Schima superba)凋落物的分解均无显著影响。 N沉降增     

Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum are the main rhizobia associated with Vigna unguiculata and Vigna radiata in the subtropical region of China

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) are important legume crops yet their rhizobia have not been well characterized. In the present study, 62 rhizobial strains isolated from the root nodules of these plants grown in the subtropical region of China were analyzed via a polyphasic approach. The results showed that 90% of the analyzed strains belonged to or were related to Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium liaoningense, Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense and Bradyrhizobium elkanii, while the remaining represented Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium etli and Sinorhizobium fredii. Diverse nifH and nodC genes were found in these strains and their symbiotic genes were mainly coevolved with the housekeeping genes, indicating that the symbiotic genes were mainly maintained by vertical transfer in the studied rhizobial populations.     

近自然化改造对马尾松人工林土壤团聚体有机磷组分含量变化的影响

有机磷(Po)是土壤磷库的重要组成部分。为探究马尾松人工林近自然化改造对土壤团聚体Po分布特征的影响,该研究以南亚热带的马尾松纯林(PP)和近自然化改造后的马尾松-阔叶树种混交林(CP)为对象,采集0～10 cm土样后利用干筛法将其筛分为>2 mm、0.25～2 mm和<0.25 mm三部分粒径团聚体,并测定原土及各粒径团聚体中各Po组分、微生物生物量磷(MBP)含量和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性。结果表明:(1)CP的土壤Po组分与PP相比发生了变化,高稳定性有机磷(HRO-P)和中度活性有机磷(MLO-P)在原土以及各团聚体径级中均显著高于PP(P<0.05),而活性有机磷(LO-P)和中度稳定性有机磷(MRO-P)在CP和PP中并无显著差异,PP和CP各组分Po在原土和各团聚体径级中无明显变化规律。(2)各形态Po在PP中占比大小为HRO-P>MRO-P>MLO-P>LO-P,而在CP中为HRO-P>MLO-P>MRO-P>LO-P。(3)CP中的MBP含量和ACP活性在原土及各团聚体径级中均显著高于PP,并且随着团聚体径级的减小,ACP活性上升。(4)冗余分析发现,土壤有效磷(AP)、土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、MBP和全氮(TN)为土壤Po组分的主要驱动因子。综上认为,近自然化改造有利于马尾松人工林土壤中磷的积累与转化,该研究结果为马尾松人工林土壤质量和生产力的提升提供了理论依据。     

Drifting fronds and drifting alleles: range dynamics,local dispersal and habitat isolation shape the population structure of the estuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides

Aim The seaweed Fucus ceranoides is restricted to spatially discrete estuarine habitats and lacks planktonic dispersal phases; it is therefore expected to exhibit strong population differentiation. Its cold‐temperate affinities and mtDNA variation imply that the northern part of the species’ range, where F. ceranoides is now ubiquitous, was recently colonized after the onset of the last deglaciation, potentially resulting in areas with greater genetic homogeneity. Here we examine the population structure of F. ceranoides to test these predictions, emphasizing the contrasting genetic signatures of limited dispersal in refugial versus recently colonized regions. Location North‐eastern Atlantic estuaries from Portugal to Norway. Methods A total of 504 individuals from 21 estuarine sites spanning the entire range of F. ceranoides were sampled and genotyped for nine microsatellite loci. Population structure was inferred from several genotypic and allele‐frequency analyses. Geographical patterns of genetic diversity were used to reconstruct the historical biogeography of the species. Results Genetic diversity and regional population differentiation showed a consistent decline with increasing latitude. Southernmost populations harboured most of the endemic variation, whereas the northern populations (> 55° N) were almost fixed for the same alleles across loci. In southern and central regions of its distribution, F. ceranoides showed striking population subdivision, with many of the sampled estuaries corresponding to coherent genetic units that were easily discriminated from one another with standard clustering methods. Main conclusions The geographical pattern of genetic diversity supports the long‐term refugial status of Iberia and a post‐glacial range expansion of F. ceranoides into previously glaciated latitudes. Despite the species’ capacity to colonize newly available habitats, the genetic structure of F. ceranoides outside the recently (re)colonized range reveals that gene flow between populations is extremely low. This study provides a remarkable example of how infrequent and spatially limited dispersal can have contrasting effects at the scales of meta‐population (connectivity) versus range dynamics (habitat tracking), and of how dispersal restrictions can result in either genetic divergence or homogeneity depending on the maturity and demographic conditions of the populations.