Molecular,genetic and evolutionary analysis of a paracentric inversion in Arabidopsis thaliana

Chromosomal inversions can provide windows onto the cytogenetic, molecular, evolutionary and demographic histories of a species. Here we investigate a paracentric 1.17‐Mb inversion on chromosome 4 of Arabidopsis thaliana with nucleotide precision of its borders. The inversion is created by Vandal transposon activity, splitting an F‐box and relocating a pericentric heterochromatin segment in juxtaposition with euchromatin without affecting the epigenetic landscape. Examination of the RegMap panel and the 1001 Arabidopsis genomes revealed more than 170 inversion accessions in Europe and North America. The SNP patterns revealed historical recombinations from which we infer diverse haplotype patterns, ancient introgression events and phylogenetic relationships. We find a robust association between the inversion and fecundity under drought. We also find linkage disequilibrium between the inverted region and the early flowering Col‐FRIGIDA allele. Finally, SNP analysis elucidates the origin of the inversion to South‐Eastern Europe approximately 5000 years ago and the FRI‐Col allele to North‐West Europe, and reveals the spreading of a single haplotype to North America during the 17th to 19th century. The ‘American haplotype’ was identified from several European localities, potentially due to return migration.     

Does hydrological fluctuation alter impacts of species richness on biomass in wetland plant communities?

Aims The diversity–productivity relationship is one of the most critical questions in ecology and can be altered by environmental factors. Hydrological fluctuation affects growth of wetland plants, and such effects vary with plant species. Therefore, we hypothesized that hydrological fluctuation changes effects of species richness on productivity of wetland plant communities.Methods We constructed wetland plant communities consisting of three or six wetland plant species and subjected them to hydrological fluctuation (i.e. gradually changing water level) of two frequencies and two ranges, with unchanged water level as the control. We measured height, root and shoot dry mass of each plant at harvest.Important findings Hydrological fluctuation significantly decreased biomass of wetland plant communities, which was due to impacts of fluctuation range, but not those of fluctuation frequency. Community biomass was significantly higher when species richness was higher, and such an effect did not depend on hydrological fluctuation. Therefore, hydrological fluctuation can decrease the productivity of wetland plant communities but may not alter the diversity–productivity relationship.     

人类最大可持续海洋足迹的模拟

在William Rees ＆ Mathis Wackernagel最初提出的生态足迹模型理论所划分的六类基本生态生产性土地面积中,海洋以其能为人类提供鱼类等海产品而被单独列为水域一项。海洋生物资源是一种典型的可再生资源,人类只有采取合理的开发策略方可保证海洋生物资源最大的可持续生产量。借用生态足迹、生物承载力概念的内涵,提出海洋足迹、海洋承载力两个新概念;运用非线性科学理论在海洋足迹与海洋承载力呈二次非线性关系的假设下,建立海洋承载力二次非线性开发的动力模式,并运用稳定性分析理论对其求解、分析。结果表明：（1）海洋承载力与其增长率呈正相关关系,与海洋足迹增长率呈负相关关系;（2）为保证海洋生物资源的可持续利用,人类必须控制最大海洋足迹增长率为r/xm（r为海洋承载力增长率,xm为最大海洋承载力）,方可获得可持续的最大海洋足迹为rxm/4,此时海洋承载力可以维持在稳定的平衡态（为其最大承载力的一半）。     

Hydration, structure, and molecular interactions in the headgroup region of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers: an electron spin resonance study

The relationship between bilayer hydration and the dynamic structure of headgroups and interbilayer water in multilamellar vesicles is investigated by electron spin resonance methods. Temperature variations of the order parameter of a headgroup spin label DPP-Tempo in DOPC in excess water and partially dehydrated (10 wt % water) show a cusp-like pattern around the main phase transition, Tc. This pattern is similar to those of temperature variations of the quadrupolar splitting of interbilayer D2O in PC and PE bilayers previously measured by 2H NMR, indicating that the ordering of the headgroup and the interbilayer water are correlated. The cusp-like pattern of these and other physical properties around Tc are suggestive of quasicritical fluctuations. Also, an increase (a decrease) in ordering of DPP-Tempo is correlated with water moving out of (into) interbilayer region into (from) the bulk water phase near the freezing point, Tf. Addition of cholesterol lowers Tf, which remains the point of increasing headgroup ordering. Using the small water-soluble spin probe 4-PT, it is shown that the ordering of interbilayer water increases with bilayer dehydration. It is suggested that increased ordering in the interbilayer region, implying a lowering of entropy, will itself lead to further dehydration of the interbilayer region until its lowered pressure resists further flow, i.e., an osmotic phenomenon.     

1982-2018年中国植被覆盖变化非线性趋势及其格局分析

探究植被覆盖变化是评估陆地生态系统环境变化的重要手段,但现有研究多采用线性趋势来表达植被覆盖的变化情况而忽略了趋势的非线性。本文使用GLASS FVC数据,利用BFAST方法和格局分析,探讨了1982-2018年我国植被覆盖变化的非线性趋势及其分布格局。结果表明：（1）与线性趋势方法的对比发现,BFAST的检测结果揭示了四川盆地、黄土高原等地的植被覆盖显著增加趋势其实存在中断,青海和东北等地植被覆盖经历了由退化到改善的过程而并非简单的线性增加,而青藏高原中东部等地则由原先的改善趋势变为了退化趋势。（2）将非线性趋势结果进行分类,其中单调型增加类型占比最多,达到33.58%,主要分布在内蒙古、陕西及河南等地;单调型减少占比1.82%,主要分布在东南沿海地区;中断型增加占比22.91%,主要分布在四川盆地东部和华北地区;中断型减少占比2.68%,主要分布在青藏高原东南部;由增到减占比4.20%,主要分布在青海等地;由减到增占比14.62%,主要分布在吉林等地。大范围的植被覆盖增加趋势充分反映了我国过去几十年植被的改善,但同时存在的减少趋势表明潜在的植被退化风险仍不可忽视。（3）不同趋势类型发生改变的时间有所差异,总体上1988-1999年间发生的改变较少,而2000-2011年间发生的改变较多,我国21世纪以来实施的大规模生态保护和恢复工程对植被的改善过程有重要影响。（4）分布格局上,植被覆盖改善趋势类型（单调型增加,中断型增加,由减到增）呈现大聚集,小分散的特点,具有复杂的形状;退化趋势类型（单调型减少,中断型减少,由增到减）的面积均较小,分布也相对离散。全国尺度上趋势空间格局呈现一定规律但分布的异质性较大,区域尺度上植被覆盖经受的干扰显著,变化过程实际也是较为复杂的。本研究表明,使用非线性趋势方法和格局分析,可以更准确地评估植被覆盖的时空变化,从而为生态环境相关工作的开展提供科学的参考。     

游荡型黄河滩涂植物群落多样性及种间联结性

黄河干流流量季节性变化和小浪底“调水调沙”形成了黄河河南段特殊的游荡型滩涂生态系统,为揭示游荡型黄河滩涂(嫩滩、二滩、高滩和大堤)群落组成和种间关系及群落稳定性规律,于2015年9月至2018年11月,采用典型样方法在郑州黄河湿地自然保护区游荡型黄河滩涂开展群落学调查,利用149个草本层样方分析群落物种组成、多样性、种间联结性和群落稳定性。结果表明：(1)研究区植物共有90科289属445种,其中被子植物87科286属440种,裸子植物2科2属3种;蕨类植物仅见1属2种。(2)不同滩涂生境优势种具有显著差异,且总体狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和小蓬草(Erigeron canadensis)为优势种,国家二级保护植物野大豆(Glycine soja)呈斑块聚集分布,且为嫩滩和二滩亚优势种。(3)大堤物种多样性各指标取值最大,嫩滩次之,二滩和高滩较小。(4)χ²检验、Jaccard指数、Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验表明,优势种种对种间联结性不强,各物种间相对独立。(5)二滩总体联结...     

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lavandulapedunculata subsp. atlantica (Braun‐Blanq.) Romo Essential Oil and Selected Terpenoids against Resistant Bacteria Strains–Structure–Activity Relationships

The genus Lavandula is known for its different uses in traditional medicine. This study is interested in the chemical composition of Lavandulapedunculata subsp.atlantica (Braun‐Blanq. ) Romo as well as evaluating its antibacterial potential against multi‐resistant strains. The analysis of Lavandulaatlantica essential oil (LAEO) allows the identification of 47 components representing 93.6 % of all identified. The main constituent of LAEO was camphor (50.4 %), followed by fenchone (14.1 %) and camphene (5.6 %). The antibacterial assays revealed that LAEO was active against all the studied bacteria. A preliminary study of the relationship between certain terpenoids and antibacterial activity was also carried out in order to note the compound(s) that are responsible for LAEO's antibacterial activity. This study showed that the activity of the essential oil may be due to the presence of certain minor compounds such as carvone, considering the presence of the synergistic effect between the essential oil.     

云丘山地区灌木群落优势种数量关系

以68个灌木样方的重要值矩阵和2×2列联表为基础,结合实地调查,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数法,对云丘山地区灌木群落的20个优势种、190个种对的关联性进行了定量研究。方差比率法结果表明,20个优势种总体间关联为显著正相关,云丘山地区的灌木群落处于较稳定的状态;χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相个关系数结果表明,大部分种对的种间关联未达到显著程度,种间联结较为松散,群落结构及其种类组成将逐渐趋于完善和稳定;根据这20个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为两种生态种组。以上结果揭示了该地区主要优势物种与环境的相互关系。     

PCR-based RFLP analysis of an intergenic spacer region in cpDNA of some wild wheat species

Wheat is one of the basic food materials for humans and other animals. Continuing studies into breeding new species, which are suitable for agriculture, are based on the contention that the restricting factors are the effects of the nuclear genes. Such focusing of studies on the nuclear genome leads to restriction on the information on organelle DNAs, although cytoplasmic genetic factors are effective on the morphological, physiological and reproductive features of plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) has become a powerful tool for studying phylogenetic relationships. In this study, seven wheat species, belonging to Aegilops and Triticum , were studied. An intergenic spacer region of cpDNA was digested by six different restriction endonuclease enzymes, and fragments so obtained were investigated using the agarose gel electrophoresis technique. Discussion on the phylogenetic relationships among Triticum and Aegilops species is based on the resultant data.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 305–310.     

放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响

采用多种分析方法探讨放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原建群种与优势种无芒隐子草、碱韭的种群空间分布关系的影响.结果表明: 短花针茅+无芒隐子草+碱韭群落的景观特征主要由草原的土壤理化性质和种群的固有属性决定.自由放牧导致的空间分布的变异程度为碱韭>无芒隐子草>短花针茅.自由放牧对短花针茅和碱韭密度的影响显著,但对无芒隐子草影响不大.随着无芒隐子草密度的增加,自由放牧区短花针茅密度呈现增大趋势,而围封区短花针茅种群密度呈现先增大后减小的趋势;自由放牧区和围封区内短花针茅密度均随碱韭密度的增加而减小.表明植物种群种间关系存在密度效应,在受到外界干扰的情况下,密度效应可能消失;因植物种对或干扰条件不同,植物种间关系可以有多种表现形式.