The effects of different horticultural practices on the chemical flavour composition of some cabbage cultivars

Variations in the chemical flavour composition of three cultivars of cabbage were determined for plants of different horticultural histories. In some i     

Response of predatory mites with different rearing histories to volatiles of uninfested plants

The behavioural response of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to volatiles from several host plants of its prey, spider mites in the genus Tetranychus, was investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer. A positive response to volatiles from tomato leaves and Lima bean leaves was recorded, whereas no response was observed to volatiles from cucumber leaves, or leaves of Solanum luteum and Solanum dulcamara.Different results were obtained for predators that differed in rearing history. Predators that were reared on spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) on Lima bean leaves did respond to volatiles from Lima bean leaves, while predators that had been reared on the same spider mite species but with cucumber as host plant did not respond to Lima bean leaf volatiles. This effect is compared with the effect of rearing history on the response of P. persimilis to volatile allelochemicals of prey-infested plant leaves.     

Attraction of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, to host plant odors and volatile components

The attraction of the polyphagous grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), to odors from plant foliage or to chemical components of these odors was tested in a glass Y-tube olfactometer. Humidified air was passed at equal flow rates through a sample chamber containing plant material and an empty control chamber and then through the Y-tube to the holding chamber containing the test insect. Solutions of volatile chemicals in water were metered at a constant rate into the sample air stream with a syringe pump. Insects moving upwind were recorded after entering either the sample or control arm of the Y-tube. Both nymphs and adults were strongly attracted to the odor of chopped and intact seedling foliage of perennial ryegrass and wheat. Chopped leaves but not intact leaves of sorghum and alfalfa also were significantly attractive. The major components of ryegrass odor from both chopped and stem-cut leaves were Z-hex-3-en-1-yl acetate, Z-hex-3-en-1-ol, and pent-1-en-3-ol, in that order, with lesser amounts of E-hex-2-enal. Chopped leaves released many more minor components. The major components when tested individually or in binary and ternary mixtures were significantly attractive to grasshoppers compared to humidified air but not to the degree of whole plant odor. However, a quartenary mixture simulating the odor blend had levels of attractancy equal to that of chopped grass odor. Blends of these 5- and 6-carbon unsaturated alcohols, esters, and aldehydes volatilizing from green plants probably play an important role as olfactory cues for orientation of grasshoppers to food plants.

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Résumé L'attraction de M. sanguinipes (F.) par l'odeur du feuillage et des composés chimiques de ces odeurs a été examinée dans un olfactomètre en tube de verre en Y. Des flux identiques d'air humidifié étaient introduits dans une enceinte contenant le matériel végétal et dans une enceinte témoin, et, via le tube en Y, dans l'enceinte contenant l'insecte à étudier. Des solutions aqueuses de substances volatiles étaient introduites à un taux constant dans le courant d'air grâce à une seringue. Les insectes se déplaçant contre le vent étaient enregistrés après pénétration dans une branche déterminée du tube en Y. Larves et adultes étaient fortement attirés par l'odeur de feuillage intact ou coupé de semis de Lolium perenne et de blé (Triticum aestivum). Les feuilles coupées, mais non les feuilles intactes de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor) et de luzerne (Medicago sativa) étaient, elles aussi, significativement attractives. Les principales substances constituant de l'odeur de feuilles de Lolium perenne, tant coupées qu'intactes, étaient dans l'ordre de Z-hex-3-en-1-yl acétate, le Z-hex-3-en-1-ol et le pent-1-en-3-ol, et dans une moindre mesure, E-hex-2-enal. Les feuilles coupées libéraient beaucoup plus de composés secondaires. Les principaux constituants testés, seuls ou en mélanges binaires ou ternaires, étaient significativement attractifs, mais moins que l'odeur totale de la plante. Toutefois, un mélange quaternaire, simulant le mélange odorant, avait le même pouvoir attractif que l'odeur de la plante entière. L'union de ces alcools, esters et aldéhydes à 5- et 6-carbones non saturés, volatilisés à partir des plantes vertes, jouent probablement un grand rôle comme signaux orientateurs lors de l'attraction des criquets par leur plantes alimentaires.

     

Metabolism of propionic acid by golden delicious apples

The headspace of whole Golden Delicious apples treated with propionic acid vapour, was analysed by means of GC, after enrichment on Tenax GC, and its c     

蚜虫雄蚜与雌性母对性信息素及植物挥发物的田间反应

田间观察了桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)、绣线菊蚜Aphis spiraecola Patch 、山楂圆疣蚜Ovatus crataegarius (Walker)等3种蚜虫对性信息素[(4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥内酯和 (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥醇]的反应,并且调查了性信息素与植物挥发物对桃蚜的田间引诱活性的相互作用.在有冬寄主或夏寄主植物的田中,性信息素诱捕器诱捕到桃蚜雄蚜与雌性母的数量显著多于对照诱捕器的诱捕数;但在非寄主植物的田中,却引诱不到桃蚜.苯甲醛(冬寄主植物桃树Prunus persica的主要挥发物组分之一)能够增强桃蚜雄蚜的引诱作用.绣线菊蚜雄蚜和雌性母对植物中提取的荆芥内酯有反应,而山楂圆疣蚜雄蚜和雌性母对植物中提取的和人工合成的荆芥内酯都没有反应,但对荆芥醇有反应.并且在荆芥醇中添加荆芥内酯之后对山楂圆疣蚜雄蚜引诱活性显著提高.还讨论了雌性蚜产生化合物被雄蚜作为性信息素、被雌性母作为聚集信息素以及性信息素与寄主植物挥发物的相互作用.     

西花蓟马诱导的番茄植株防御反应对B型烟粉虱行为的影响

【目的】明确外来入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)取食诱导的番茄植株防御反应对B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B-biotype行为的影响, 探讨西花蓟马与B型烟粉虱的种间竞争机制。【方法】利用“Y”型嗅觉仪行为分析法、 选择性试验法, 研究了不同处理组合（健康植株CK vs烟粉虱为害植株B、 健康植株CK vs西花蓟马为害植株F、 烟粉虱为害植株B vs烟粉虱和西花蓟马共同为害植株B+F）下, 烟粉虱对不同处理植株的取食行为反应及寄主偏好的差异性, 并利用GC-MS分析了不同处理植株挥发性物质的差异性。【结果】“Y”型嗅觉仪行为分析结果表明, 在CK vs B和CK vs F两个组合中, 烟粉虱雌成虫对健康植株和昆虫为害植株的偏好性差异不显著; 而在B vs B+F组合中, 烟粉虱为害株对烟粉虱雌成虫具有极显著的引诱作用（P<0.01）。选择性试验结果表明, 在CK vs B和CK vs F这两个组合中, 烟粉虱成虫均偏好健康株并喜好在其上产卵（P<0.01）, 在B vs B+F组合中, 烟粉虱成虫偏好烟粉虱单独为害株并喜好在其上产卵（P<0.01）。GC-MS分析结果显示, 本实验收集到9种挥发性物质, 其中有5种烯萜类物质, 其相对含量高达90%以上。与烟粉虱单独为害株相比, 烟粉虱和西花蓟马共同为害株所释放的挥发性物质中, 对烟粉虱具有排斥作用的β-水芹烯显著升高, 而对其具有吸引作用的β-月桂烯却显著减少。【结论】综合分析认为, 西花蓟马诱导的番茄植株防御反应可以显著影响B型烟粉虱的寄主选择行为及产卵选择性。     

云斑白条天牛对核桃、桉树的趋向性和EAG反应

云斑白条天牛Batocera lineaolata严重危害核桃树和桉树,是一种寄主范围较广的蛀干害虫。本研究通过弄清云斑白条天牛对核桃和桉树两种寄主树种挥发物的行为反应差异,为利用信息素监测和防治云斑白条天牛提供理论依据。本研究采用触角电位(EAG)反应和"Y"型嗅觉仪技术测定了云斑白条天牛对寄主核桃和桉树各部位挥发物的趋向性和EAG反应。结果表明:核桃种群的云斑白条天牛成虫对核桃树皮、叶片和嫰枝挥发物的趋向率均高于桉树相应部位挥发物的趋向率。雌性天牛交尾后对核桃树皮的选择性显著高于交尾前对核桃树皮的选择性;相反,雄性天牛交尾后对核桃树皮的选择性显著低于交尾前对核桃树皮的选择性。核桃种群云斑白条天牛成虫对核桃和桉树的树皮、嫰枝和叶片的挥发物均有较强的EAG反应;其中,雌性天牛对核桃树皮挥发物的EAG反应值显著高于雄虫的EAG反应值;未交尾雄虫对桉树嫰枝挥发物的EAG反应值显著高于核桃嫰枝的EAG反应值。可见,来源于核桃种群的云斑白条天牛更趋向于选择核桃,性别和交尾与否对其趋向性和EAG反应也存在一定影响。     

Strawberry Genes and Genomics

Despite its value as a crop and potential utility as an experimental system, relatively little is known about the molecular-genetic aspects of inheritance or physiology in the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria xananassa). This lack of information exists at a time when biotechnology may offer important remedies to address traditional and contemporary challenges that growers face. An improved understanding of genome structure will hasten the development of molecular markers and unveil clues to the composition of this unique, octoploid genome. Definition of gene function will guide the generation of transgenic resources for research use and possibly toward cultivar development. This review seeks to compile and present the current knowledge state of the molecular-genetic basis of cultivated strawberry genomic form and function. Ongoing studies promise to expand the use of genomic tools and appropriate model systems to rapidly discern the structural and functional basis for traits of interest to agriculture, such as those associated with disease, ripening, and volatile production. Together these studies bring new molecular tools to dissect complex traits, implement marker-assisted selection and address important physiological questions in the cultivated strawberry, the Fragaria genus, and the Rosaceae family.     

大豆蚜嗅觉在选择寄主植物中的作用

大豆蚜 Aphis hlycines 有翅和无翅孤雌生殖蚜为其寄主植物大豆叶和鼠李叶气味所引诱,而非寄主植物棉花叶和黄瓜叶气味处于中性,丝瓜叶和南瓜叶气味具有明显的排斥作用。非寄主植物气味可以遮蔽寄主植物气味的引诱作用。大豆蚜触角感受器对植物气味具有嗅觉生理反应,对一些化合物的最小感觉阈值达10-5至10-6体积比浓度,表明大豆蚜触角上存在识别植物气味的嗅觉受体细胞。由此证明,嗅觉在大豆蚜选择寄主植物过程中起重要作用。     

Effects of plant odor on oviposition by the black swallowtail butterfly,Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Black swallowtail females laid more eggs on plant models treated with contact stimulants and volatiles from carrot leaves than on models treated only with contact stimulants. The volatiles enhanced landing rates and females alighted more frequently on artificial leaves treated with host volatiles than on adjacent control leaves. Volatiles from cabbage, a nonhost, inhibited landing rates on artificial leaves treated with carrot contact stimulants. Examination of antennae revealed two major types of sensilla, believed to be olfactory in function. Electroantennogram preparations responded more strongly to carrot volatiles than to cabbage volatiles and several shared responses at particular retention times to carrot volatile components eluting from a gas chromatograph. Our results are consistent with a long-standing hypothesis that behavioral responses to essential oil components characteristic of the larval food plants have facilitated host shifts in the genus Papilio.