大气污染对珠江三角洲森林及土壤影响的初步研究

于1998年4月至1999年3月采用定点测定和面上调查相结合的方法,开展大气污对珠江三角洲森林生长及其土壤酸碱性和肥力特性的影响研究。初步结果表明大气污染引起珠江三角洲地区发生大面积、高频率的酸雨,主要的污染物有SO     

嗜卷书虱抗气调品系的选育及其适合度研究

于恒温条件下以人工饲料饲养的嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila,在35% CO₂和1% O₂组配的气调环境中以50%左右的选择压力处理,以选育其抗气调性。至30代获得抗性品系(CA-R),抗性倍数达5.6倍,且有继续增强的基因潜能。该抗性品系对气调的抗性不太稳定,在无选择压力的情况下经室内5代饲养,抗性衰退了63.2%。CA-R品系与敏感品系在无气调选择压力的条件下相比具有一定程度的繁殖不利性;但没有发现CA-R品系在生长发育特性上的不利性。以净增殖率来衡量,CA-R品系相对于敏感品系具有0.39的适合度。     

Endogenous circadian regulation of carbon dioxide exchange in terrestrial ecosystems

It is often assumed that daytime patterns of ecosystem carbon assimilation are mostly driven by direct physiological responses to exogenous environmental cues. Under limited environmental variability, little variation in carbon assimilation should thus be expected unless endogenous plant controls on carbon assimilation, which regulate photosynthesis in time, are active. We evaluated this assumption with eddy flux data, and we selected periods when net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was decoupled from environmental variability in seven sites from highly contrasting biomes across a 74° latitudinal gradient over a total of 36 site‐years. Under relatively constant conditions of light, temperature, and other environmental factors, significant diurnal NEE oscillations were observed at six sites, where daily NEE variation was between 20% and 90% of that under variable environmental conditions. These results are consistent with fluctuations driven by the circadian clock and other endogenous processes. Our results open a promising avenue of research for a more complete understanding of ecosystem fluxes that integrates from cellular to ecosystem processes.     

校园空气污染微生物的检测与评价

采用沉降平板法 ,选用牛肉膏培养基与察贝克培养基 (czpekmedium) ,分别在夏季与冬季检测了校园不同环境中空气污染细菌与霉菌的含量。结果表明 :校园不同环境的空气污染微生物类群与数量随季节的变化而变化。学生寝室、学生食堂、校区餐厅以及网吧的空气中污染微生物以细菌为主。其中 ,在冬季的细菌平均含菌量为 91 4 7.6 7个 /m3 空气 ,而以女生寝室的含菌量最高 ,达到 2 1 5 4 6个 /m3 空气 ,超出卫生标准的 3.1倍 ;在夏季时 ,细菌的平均含菌量为 1 0 6 6 1 .75个 /m3 空气 ,而以校园餐厅的含菌量最高 ,达到 4 35 1 1个 /m3 ,超出卫生标准的 6 .9倍。校图书馆、电影院、学生寝室及餐厅中的霉菌含量较多。其中 ,在冬季的霉菌平均含菌量为 5 6 8.4 4个 /m3 空气 ,以女生寝室的含菌量最高 ,84 6个 /m3 ;在夏季的霉菌含菌量为 85 5 .88个 /m3 ,最高时为 1 6 6 5个 /m3 ,这是由于卫生条件差 ,居室狭小 ,人口拥挤 ,空气潮湿 ,通风不良等因素造成的     

Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future

The eddy covariance technique ascertains the exchange rate of CO₂ across the interface between the atmosphere and a plant canopy by measuring the covariance between fluctuations in vertical wind velocity and CO₂ mixing ratio. Two decades ago, the method was employed to study CO₂ exchange of agricultural crops under ideal conditions during short field campaigns. During the past decade the eddy covariance method has emerged as an important tool for evaluating fluxes of carbon dioxide between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere over the course of a year, and more. At present, the method is being applied in a nearly continuous mode to study carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange at over a hundred and eighty field sites, worldwide. The objective of this review is to assess the eddy covariance method as it is being applied by the global change community on increasingly longer time scales and over less than ideal surfaces. The eddy covariance method is most accurate when the atmospheric conditions (wind, temperature, humidity, CO₂) are steady, the underlying vegetation is homogeneous and it is situated on flat terrain for an extended distance upwind. When the eddy covariance method is applied over natural and complex landscapes or during atmospheric conditions that vary with time, the quantification of CO₂ exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere must include measurements of atmospheric storage, flux divergence and advection. Averaging CO₂ flux measurements over long periods (days to year) reduces random sampling error to relatively small values. Unfortunately, data gaps are inevitable when constructing long data records. Data gaps are generally filled with values produced from statistical and empirical models to produce daily and annual sums of CO₂ exchange. Filling data gaps with empirical estimates do not introduce significant bias errors because the empirical algorithms are derived from large statistical populations. On the other hand, flux measurement errors can be biased at night when winds are light and intermittent. Nighttime bias errors tend to produce an underestimate in the measurement of ecosystem respiration. Despite the sources of errors associated with long‐term eddy flux measurements, many investigators are producing defensible estimates of annual carbon exchange. When measurements come from nearly ideal sites the error bound on the net annual exchange of CO₂ is less than ±50 g C m^?2 yr^?1. Additional confidence in long‐term measurements is growing because investigators are producing values of net ecosystem productivity that are converging with independent values produced by measuring changes in biomass and soil carbon, as long as the biomass inventory studies are conducted over multiple years.     

禹城地区陆气相互作用耦合模式和观测研究

论述了陆气相互作用研究在人类生存环境与发展区域经济中的重要意义与研究现状。在原有研究工作基础上,针对中国科学院禹试验城站地区麦田陆气水热传输过程,提出了一个多层陆气耦合模式。对植被内部湍流交换的物理过程作了深入研究,特别考虑了叶片气孔为非饱和水汽条件下的交换情况,并且给出了修正后的根系吸水模式。陆气耦俣模式分别对大气、植被、土壤作多层划分,以助于细致了解沿高度分布的各种物理量。利用本模式对中国科学     

藓袋法监测铜陵市大气重金属污染的研究

目的:用藓袋法监测铜陵市大气重金属(cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn)污染状况.方法:选取铜陵市的铜陵一冶、铜陵二冶、长江快速通道、凤凰山铜矿区和居民区5个监测点,以采自黄山的大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme)为材料,用尼龙筛网(网眼2.0 mm×2.0 mm)做成15.5 cm×5.5 cm的矩形袋子,每袋放3 g,2007年3月22日悬挂于各监测点,完全暴露在空气中,2个月后取回,采用原子吸收光谱法对样品中Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量进行测定.结果:Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn在5个监测点的含量范围依次为24.43 mg/kg～326.29 mg/kg,0.48mg/ks～4.11 mg/kg,1.72mg/kg～5.74 mg/kg,21.06 mg/kg～85.88 mg/kg,96.61 mg/ks～219.72 mg/kg;单一重金属污染指数值范围依次是:2.76～36.92,0.55～4.73,1.46～4.87,0.52～2.13,1.40～4.16.结论:利用藓袋法能有效的监测大气重金属污染,铜陵市Cu污染最严重,重金属在各监测点的污染程度是铜陵一冶>铜陵二冶>长江快速通道>凤凰山铜矿区>居民区,有色金属冶炼工业是铜陵市最主要的污染源,交通运输对大气重金属污染也日趋严重.     

Detection of Atmospheric Oh Radicals

The detection of atmospheric OH radicals by laser long path absorption spectroscopy is described. This technique is specific to OH and easily calibrated. In various field measurements from below the detection limit (5*10⁵/cm³) up to 8.7* 10⁶ OH radicals/cm¹ have been observed. Measurements of meteorologic parameters and mixing ratios of other trace gases simultaneously with OH allow comparison of observed OH levels with reaction kinetic model calculations.     

Reduced sulfur compound exchange between the atmosphere and tropical tree species in southern Cameroon

We measured the concentrations of reduced sulfur compounds in the atmospheric boundary layer over an equatorial African rain forest. Results obtained from a dirigible hot air balloon and a tethered balloon system in the early morning hours reflect a multilayered structure of the atmospheric boundary layer with gradients of COS and CS₂ indicating an uptake/production of these trace gases by the soil/vegetation system. In addition, we studied emission and deposition fluxes of volatile reduced sulfur compounds from tropical tree species using cuvettes to directly measure the exchange behavior of tree twigs. These cuvettes were operated at young trees in a forest clearing near ground level as well as at a mature tree species on top of the forest canopy, employing a specially designed tree top jungle raft (Treetop Raft III, Dirigible version) placed on the canopy crown. The results show qualitative and quantitative disparities between different tree species as well as between individuals of the same species near ground level (young) and at the top of the canopy (mature). We found some correlations between photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation and emission of sulfur compounds. Comparison between measurements at the ground and at the canopy top show that the studied tree species adapts its photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation in response to the climatic conditions at the canopy top. This is accompanied by a quantitative change in trace gas emission. Lower CO₂ fixation rates are accompanied by an increase in the emission of reduced sulfur compounds. We propose the increase of DMS emission at the canopy top to be explained by a potential demand of nitrogen in the foliage resulting in an accumulation of sulfur.     

Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: influence on weather and climate

This paper overviews the short-term (biophysical) and long-term (out to around 100 year timescales; biogeochemical and biogeographical) influences of the land surface on weather and climate. From our review of the literature, the evidence is convincing that terrestrial ecosystem dynamics on these timescales significantly influence atmospheric processes. In studies of past and possible future climate change, terrestrial ecosystem dynamics are as important as changes in atmospheric dynamics and composition, ocean circulation, ice sheet extent, and orbit perturbations.