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101.
David Griffiths 《The Journal of animal ecology》1998,67(5):795-804
1. Despite a substantial body of work there remains much disagreement about the form of the relationship between organism abundance and body size. In an attempt at resolving these disagreements the shape and slope of samples from simulated and real abundance–mass distributions were assessed by ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and the reduced major axis method (RMA).
2. It is suggested that the data gathered by ecologists to assess these relationships are usually truncated in respect of density. Under these conditions RMA gives slope estimates which are consistently closer to the true slopes than OLS regression.
3. The triangular relationships reported by some workers are found over smaller mass and abundance ranges than linear relations. Scatter in slope estimates is much greater and positive slopes more common at small sample sizes and sample ranges. These results support the notion that inadequate and truncated sampling is responsible for much of the disagreement reported in the literature.
4. The results strongly support the notion that density declines with increasing body mass in a broad, linear band with a slope around −1. However there is some evidence to suggest that this overall relation results from a series of component relations with slopes which differ from the overall slope. 相似文献
2. It is suggested that the data gathered by ecologists to assess these relationships are usually truncated in respect of density. Under these conditions RMA gives slope estimates which are consistently closer to the true slopes than OLS regression.
3. The triangular relationships reported by some workers are found over smaller mass and abundance ranges than linear relations. Scatter in slope estimates is much greater and positive slopes more common at small sample sizes and sample ranges. These results support the notion that inadequate and truncated sampling is responsible for much of the disagreement reported in the literature.
4. The results strongly support the notion that density declines with increasing body mass in a broad, linear band with a slope around −1. However there is some evidence to suggest that this overall relation results from a series of component relations with slopes which differ from the overall slope. 相似文献
102.
Roger Persson Anne Helene Garde Åse Marie Hansen Kai Österberg Britt Larsson Palle Ørbæk 《Chronobiology international》2013,30(6):923-937
Measurement of cortisol concentration can contribute important information about an individual's ability to adjust to various environmental demands of both physical and psychosocial origin. However, one uncertainty that affects the possibilities of correctly interpreting and designing field studies is the lack of observations of the impact of seasonal changes on cortisol excretion. For this reason, the month‐to‐month changes in diurnal cortisol concentration, the awakening cortisol response (ACR), maximum morning concentration, and fall during the day were studied in a group of 24 healthy men and women 32 to 61 yrs of age engaged in active work. On one workday for 12 consecutive months, participants collected saliva at four time points for determination of cortisol: at awakening, +30 min, +8 h, and at 21:00 h. Data were analyzed by a repeated measures design with month (12 levels) and time‐of‐day (4 levels) as categorical predictors. Cortisol concentrations were analyzed on a log scale. The diurnal pattern of cortisol was similar across months (interaction between month and time of day: p>0.4). The main effects of month and time‐of‐day were statistically significant (p <0.001). Highest concentrations were observed in February, March, and April, and lowest concentrations were observed in July and August. There were no statistically significant effects in any of the other measures, or between men and women. In conclusion, a seasonal variation in salivary cortisol concentrations was detected in an occupationally active population. Thus, seasonal variation needs to be taken into account when designing and evaluating field studies and interventions and when making comparisons across studies. 相似文献
103.
104.
Claudio J. Bidau Pablo A. Martinez 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2016,119(4):816-830
The size variation between males and females of a species is a phenomenon known as sexual size dimorphism (SSD). The observed patterns of variation in SSD among species has led to the formulation of Rensch's rule, which establishes that, in species showing a male size bias, SSD increases with an increase in the body size of the species. However, for species in which there is a female size bias, the SSD would decrease when the body size of the species increases. In the present study, we examined the variation in body size and SSD of 33 species of canids from estimates of body mass and body length. We studied its relationship with life‐history characteristics and tested Rensch's rule using phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic reduced major axis regressions, respectively. We observed the existence of correlation between body mass and body length, although the SSDs from these estimators are uncorrelated. SSD did not show the pattern predicted by Rensch's rule. SSD also did not show any correlation with life‐history traits. It is likely that the low SSD observed in canids is related to the monogamy observed in the family, which is a rare situation in mammals. 相似文献
105.
Exposure to fearful situations elicits behavioral and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) axis responses characteristic of the coping response of individual animals to counteract environmental challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral and corticotropic responses concomitantly following prolonged or repeated restraint stress by placing two genotypes of Japanese quail divergently selected for long (LTI) or short (STI) duration of tonic immobility (TI) in a crush cage. In our study, STI quail exhibited higher corticosterone (CORT) levels than LTI quail in response to prolonged restraint. STI quail struggled sooner and much more than LTI quail, and struggling behavior in STI quail progressively decreased during the course of restraint whereas LTI quail displayed very little struggling behavior in the crush cage. LTI quail are thus more likely to adopt a passive behavior coping strategy upon exposure to threat whereas STI quail behave more as active copers. The corticosterone responses shown by LTI and STI quail under restraint stress suggest that adrenocortical correlates of coping behavior in these genotypes of quail may be different from the coping styles previously described in other species. Repeated restraint slightly decreased CORT responses to stress in all experimental groups, but more markedly in male STI quail, whereas adrenal sensitivity and maximum adrenal corticosterone response capacity did not change in any group. On the other hand, neither behavioral habituation nor sensitization processes occurred in the context of repeated restraint in female and male LTI quail and female STI quail, whereas the decreases observed in some behavioral responses were interpreted to be the result of a habituation process in male STI quail. 相似文献
106.
目的:研究气温骤升导致高血压大鼠发生脑梗塞的神经内分泌机制。方法:采用易卒中型肾血管性高血压(RHRSP)模型,放置于人工模拟气温骤升的高温环境中诱发脑梗塞,检测高温刺激前后大鼠ACTH、CORT、TSH、T3、T4的变化。结果:突然升温使生理组大鼠ACTH和CORT水平表现升高的趋势。模型组高血压大鼠CORT、TSH、T3、T4水平在升温中均呈现升高趋势,但是ACTH水平却明显降低(P〈0.05)。升温后发生脑梗塞大鼠的ACTH和T4水平与升温前比明显下降(P〈0.01),而TSH水平明显高于升温前水平(P〈0.05),T3水平不变。结论:高血压机体应激反应系统紊乱,甲状腺刺激素和肾上腺皮质激素的异常波动,是突然高温促发高血压机体脑梗塞发病的重要神经内分泌机制。 相似文献
107.
108.
Stofkova A Skurlova M Tybitanclova K Veselsky L Zelezna B Jurcovicova J 《Life sciences》2006,79(26):2486-2491
Leptin, a hormone regulating body weight, food intake, and metabolism, is associated with activation of immune cells and inflammation. In this study we analyzed levels of leptin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and nitric oxide (NO) production on days 10 and 22 of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in male Long Evans rats to ascertain possible relationship of leptin with its modulators during the early and late phases of chronic inflammation. The circulating leptin levels were significantly reduced already on day 10 of AA compared to controls (1.97+/-0.22 ng/ml vs. 3.08+/-0.25 ng/ml, p<0.05); on day 22 no significant further drop was observed (1.06+/-0.21 ng/ml). Leptin mRNA in epididymal fat tissue was reduced in arthritic animals compared to controls on day 22 (0.61+/-0.09 vs. 1.30+/-0.1 arbU/GAPDH (p<0.01). IL-1beta concentration in spleen was enhanced on day 10 of AA (24.55+/-4.67 pg/100 microg protein vs. 14.33+/-1.71 pg/100 microg protein; p<0.05); on day 22 it did not differ from controls. ACTH and corticosterone levels were significantly elevated only on day 22 of AA (ACTH: 306.17+/-42.22 pg/ml vs. 157.61+/-23.94 pg/ml; p<0.05; corticosterone: 5.24+/-1.38 microg/100 ml vs. 1.05+/-0.23 microg/100 ml; p<0.01). Nitrate levels were enhanced similarly on days 10 (49.86+/-1.83 microM) and 22 of AA (43.58+/-2.17 microM), compared to controls (23.42+/-1.39 microM, p<0.001). These results show that corticosterone does not stimulate leptin production during AA. The suppression of leptin may be a consequence of permanent activation of NO, IL-1beta, and of lower weight gain. Circulating leptin does not seem to play a key role in the progression of chronic arthritis. 相似文献
109.
Nikki M. Rendon Lauren M. Rudolph Dale R. Sengelaub Gregory E. Demas 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1819)
Classic findings have demonstrated an important role for sex steroids as regulators of aggression, but this relationship is lacking within some environmental contexts. In mammals and birds, the adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a non-gonadal precursor of biologically active steroids, has been linked to aggression. Although females, like males, use aggression when competing for limited resources, the mechanisms underlying female aggression remain understudied. Here, we propose a previously undescribed endocrine mechanism regulating female aggression via direct action of the pineal hormone melatonin on adrenal androgens. We examined this in a solitary hamster species, Phodopus sungorus, in which both sexes are highly territorial across the seasons, and display increased aggression concomitant with decreased serum levels of sex steroids in short ‘winter-like'' days. Short- but not long-day females had increased adrenal DHEA responsiveness co-occurring with morphological changes in the adrenal gland. Further, serum DHEA and total adrenal DHEA content were elevated in short days. Lastly, melatonin increased DHEA and aggression and stimulated DHEA release from cultured adrenals. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that DHEA is a key peripheral regulator of aggression and that melatonin coordinates a ‘seasonal switch’ from gonadal to adrenal regulation of aggression by direct action on the adrenal glands. 相似文献
110.
Sophie Sabherwal Jane A. English Melanie Föcking Gerard Cagney 《Expert review of proteomics》2016,13(12):1141-1155
Introduction: Recent evidence supports an association between systemic abnormalities and the pathology of psychotic disorders which has led to the search for peripheral blood-based biomarkers.Areas covered: Here, we summarize blood biomarker findings in schizophrenia from the literature identified by two methods currently driving biomarker discovery in the human proteome; mass spectrometry and multiplex immunoassay. From a total of 14 studies in the serum or plasma of drug-free schizophrenia patients; 47 proteins were found to be significantly altered twice or more, in the same direction. Pathway analysis was performed on these proteins, and the resulting pathways discussed in relation to schizophrenia pathology. Future directions are also discussed, with particular emphasis on the potential for high-throughput validation techniques such as data-independent analysis for confirmation of biomarker candidates.Expert commentary: We present promising findings that point to a convergence of pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia that involve the acute-phase response, glucocorticoid receptor signalling, coagulation, and lipid and glucose metabolism. 相似文献