Different mechanisms of the biochemical adaptation of mycelial fungi to temperature stress: Changes in the cytosol carbohydrate composition

The effect of temperature stress on the cytosol carbohydrate composition of fungi belonging to various systematic groups was investigated. InMucorales representatives (subkingdomEomycota, phylumArchetnycota, classZygomycetes), adaptation to hypo- and hyperthermia occurs via the regulation of trehalose synthesis, although inositol is also involved in these processes inBlakeslea trispora. InAscomycota (subkingdomNeomycota), oversynthesis of mannitol and glycerol occurs under hypothermia, whereas oversynthesis of trehalose and inositol takes place under hyperthermia.Basidiomycota (subkingdomNeomycota) use two pathways of biochemical adaptation, depending on the cytosol carbohydrate composition. In the absence of sucrose, glycerol and arabitol are involved in the adaptation to hyperthermia; trehalose accumulates under hypothermic conditions (type I of regulation). Type II regulation (revealed inPleurotus ostreatus) involves sucrose rather than glycerol or arabitol. The data obtained are discussed in terms of fungal systematics and phylogeny.     

近交系小鼠线粒体DNA多态性的研究

目的　分析BALB/c等八个近交系小鼠线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的多态性 ,探讨近交系小鼠的遗传监测方法。方法　PCR -RFLP技术 ,即PCR技术结合限制性内切酶片段长度多态分析 (restrictionfragmentlengthPolymorphism ,RFLP)。结果　mtDNAD -Loop、tR NAIle GIN Met、ND3基因片段经HaeⅢ、HinfⅠ、EcoRV、HindⅢ、HpaⅠ、BamHⅠ、ApaⅠ、NdeⅡ、XhoⅠ、XbaⅠ、AluⅠ、RsaⅠ、StuⅠ、DraⅠ、AvaⅠ、HaeⅡ 16种内切酶分别消化后 ,BALB/c、C3H、C57BL/ 6J、T739、DBA/ 2、TA2、6 15、BALB/c -nu/nu等小鼠均表现出相同的酶切格局 ,未发现多态性。结论　BALB/c、C3H、C57BL/ 6J、T739、DBA/ 2、TA2、6 15、BALB/c -nu/nu等近交系小鼠遗传背景较为狭窄 ,不同品系小鼠间遗传背景的差异远远低于动物种属间的差异     

The impacts of UV-B radiation on the regeneration of a sub-arctic heath community

The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on regeneration after disturbance of a natural sub-arctic heathland have been investigated. Areas of pristine dwarf shrub heath were denuded of all above ground biomass in 1992 and exposed to enhanced UV-B (simulating a 15% depletion of the ozone layer). The resulting regenerated stem and leaf growth parameters were measured after four years on three dwarf shrubs, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea and the grass Calamagrostis lapponica; leaves of the three dwarf shrubs were also analysed for UV-absorbing compounds and carbohydrates. Regeneration irrespective of treatment was slow, with Empetrum hermaphroditum failing to regenerate at all. Vaccinium myrtillus showed the most rapid regeneration attaining much of its original biomass in four years. There was a significant interaction between UV-B and year of regeneration in V. myrtillus; annual stem length increment showed an initial stimulation of 75% under enhanced UV-B in the first year of regeneration while a reduction of 16% was observed in the fourth year. Both V. uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea showed a reduction in annual stem length increment as regeneration progressed with a greater than 50% reduction in stem increment in the fourth year of regeneration compared to the first. Vaccinium uliginosum also showed an initial reduction in stem length increment of 40% under enhanced UV-B. None of the species were affected by enhanced UV-B in terms of total regenerated stem and leaf biomass or UV-absorbing compounds in regenerated leaf tissue. Total leaf carbohydrate and the ethanol/water soluble fraction in V. uliginosum were significantly increased by 29% and 31% respectively under enhanced UV-B. This suggests either a stimulation of photosynthesis or a reduction in sink size for photo-assimilates. Results are discussed in the context of the extremely slow regeneration of sub-arctic heath communities and the implications of contrasting UV-B effects on the regenerative ability of different species.     

Pseudoreplication in experimental designs for the manipulation of seed germination treatments

In the published reports concerning the design of laboratory experiments examining signals that might trigger seed germination, there is currently a misunderstanding of what might constitute correct replication of the experimental treatment. This is particularly true for the study of dry heat, smoke and charcoal, where either an individual seed or a batch of seeds in a Petri dish or tray is being treated as the unit of replication of the experimental treatment, irrespective of whether or not those seeds were all subjected to the experimental manipulation simultaneously. Under these circumstances, the application of the treatment is unreplicated, while samples nested within that single application have been replicated, and the Petri dishes/trays are functioning solely as independent replicates of the variability in germination response within the seed batch used and variation within the pretreatment and post‐treatment environments. Thus any observed difference in germination may be due to the germination treatment but, potentially, it could also be due to any chance event affecting the treated sample. There are a number of alternative experimental designs that avoid this problem. The essential point with these designs is that the application of the experimental manipulation to each replicate should be separated in space by the use of separate experimental equipment and/or in time by the repeated use of the same experimental apparatus.     

A comparison of structural characteristics between old-growth and postfire second-growth hemlock–hardwood forests in Adirondack Park, New York, U. S. A.

1 This study compares the structural characteristics of 12 old‐growth and six postfire second‐growth hemlock–northern hardwood stands in north central Adirondack Park, New York, in order to test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in species composition, size structure, age structure and attributes such as dead wood and canopy gaps between old‐growth stands and this type of second‐growth forest. 2 The second‐growth forests of this study regenerated following widespread logging‐related fires in either 1903 or 1908; the old growth and second growth have similar environmental settings. 3 Estimates of stand ages, derived from an increment core of the oldest tree in each stand, range from 88 to 390 years. 4 Structural attributes are related to stand age (i.e. stage of development). In comparison with the second‐growth forests of this study, older stands are characterized as (a) a larger average diameter of canopy trees; (b) a greater basal area of trees; (c) a lower density of canopy trees and of all trees ≥ 10 cm d.b.h.; (d) a higher density of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) trees; (e) a higher density of large trees (≥ 50 cm d.b.h.); (f) larger canopy gaps; and (g) a greater volume of coarse woody debris (both logs ≥ 20 cm d.b.h. and snags ≥ 10 cm d.b.h.). 5 Despite differences between old growth and second growth, especially in species composition, it appears from observations of the 18 stands that second‐growth forests are developing some structural characteristics of old growth. 6 Structural attributes of the old‐growth forests are similar to characteristics of the same forest type in geographically distant areas in eastern USA.     

寨卡病毒蛋白结构与功能研究进展

2015年以来,南美暴发大规模寨卡疫情,因其与新生儿小头症等严重神经发育疾病密切相关,被世界卫生组织列为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。与其他虫媒黄病毒类似,寨卡病毒为单股正链RNA病毒,其基因组编码的3种结构蛋白构成病毒颗粒,7种非结构蛋白参与病毒复制生活周期的调控。在全球科学家的共同努力下,寨卡病毒蛋白结构与功能的研究取得了突破性进展,极大地促进研究者对病毒复制与致病机制的认识,也为疫苗和药物研发提供了重要科学依据和潜在靶标。本文将对寨卡病毒蛋白的结构与功能的最新研究进展作一综述,并讨论当前面临的挑战和机遇。     

基于结构方程模型分析荒漠啮齿动物优势种对不同放牧干扰的响应

放牧被认为是草地生态系统的主要干扰之一。许多研究表明,放牧影响了啮齿动物的个体条件、繁殖、种群动态、群落组成及群落多样性等多个方面。由于受传统统计学方法的限制,这些研究只是单独的对放牧作用进行假设检验,而没有将多个假设放在同一个框架内进行验证。2006—2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区不同放牧生境中啮齿动物优势种的数量进行研究并使用结构方程建模的方法将可能影响荒漠啮齿动物优势种的环境因子(气候条件、土壤硬度、植物隐蔽、植物生物量等19个指标)与啮齿动物优势种种群动态结合后进行多假设检验,旨在找出不同放牧干扰下制约优势啮齿动物环境因子的发生途径。结果表明:气候条件对五趾跳鼠和三趾跳鼠有直接不利影响,隐蔽对于两足活动的五趾跳鼠有负效应,而对四足活动的子午沙鼠有正效应。植物生物量对五趾跳鼠有正效应,但对子午沙鼠有负效应。土壤硬度的增加间接的有利于五趾跳鼠,对子午沙鼠有直接的正效应。因此荒漠啮齿动物优势种种群动态是多个过程共同作用的结果,气候条件是驱动啮齿动物种群动态的根本原因,而放牧会因为改变植物隐蔽而影响啮齿动物在群落中的组成。     

干旱区绿洲城市生态文明建设公众参与意识研究——以“一带一路”沿线城市乌鲁木齐为例

生态文明是人类文明发展的新阶段,其强调人与自然的协调发展。基于公众科学理论框架,采用模型模拟方法、实地问卷调查、多元回归方法,分析了乌鲁木齐居民参与城市生态文明建设的自我感知、满意程度、参与意愿,并构建了结构方程模型(SEM),探讨了居民参与城市生态文明意愿的可行路径,分析了居民参与城市生态文明建设的意愿与其相关因素间的关系,揭示了居民参与城市生态文明建设主要限制因素。结果表明:(1)居民自我感知与城市生态文明建设参与意愿呈显著正相关,满意程度与参与意愿呈显著负相关;(2)45.36%的受访者表示非常愿意参与城市生态文明建设;(3)居民主体意识和支持度占比分别为72.92%、72.04%,生态认知、生态关注及参与信心占比分别为43.08%、64.33%和55.14%;(4)受访者对城市生态文明建设状况满意度的平均偏效应为2.32,各项满意度均值情况为:城市绿化状况(2.51)政府环境信息公开程度(2.41)城市空气状况(2.35)城市垃圾处理与分类状况(1.99)。研究成果以期为建立和推进城市生态文明建设提供科学参考。     

5个温带树种冠层枝叶非结构性碳水化合物浓度的空间变异

非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)是树木存活和生长的重要能源物质。冠层NSC不但是全树NSC的来源,也是全树NSC的重要储存库。然而,冠层NSC空间变异的研究较少,因而影响了树木NSC分配的估算精度。以红松(Pinus koraiensis)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)和白桦(Betula platyphylla)5个温带树种为研究对象,测定了不同高度冠层叶和细枝(直径≤3 cm)NSC浓度,分析了粗枝(一级侧枝)枝皮、边材和心材NSC浓度轴向变化及其与枝径的关系。结果表明:(1)除了5月末兴安落叶松树冠中层叶淀粉浓度显著高于树冠下层,以及8月中旬树冠上层叶可溶性糖浓度显著高于树冠中层之外,其他树种冠层叶NSC浓度的垂直变化不显著。常绿树种红松叶龄对NSC浓度的影响在生长季中期显著,但在生长季末期和休眠季节的影响不显著。(2)除了5月末红松树冠上层细枝可溶性糖浓度显著高于树冠中层之外,其他树种不同高度冠层间细枝NSC浓度差异不显著。(3)在纵向上,阔叶树种蒙古栎、水曲柳和白桦粗枝的枝皮、边材和心材NSC浓度多随着距树枝基部距离的增加而升高;在径向上,NSC浓度(除了水曲柳边材淀粉和白桦枝皮淀粉之外)多随着枝径增加而降低,表明树枝中的NSC浓度随着远离碳源而降低。总体上,5个温带树种冠层叶、细枝NSC浓度的空间变异不显著,但枝径和叶龄对NSC浓度的影响因树种、组织和季节而异,这在未来研究中应予考虑。