外源酚酸对欧美杨‘I-107’水培幼苗硝态氮吸收利用的影响

连作杨树人工林地力衰退可能与土壤中累积的酚酸存在密切的关系。土壤氮素供应是决定杨树生长发育的重要因素, 而硝态氮是土壤无机氮化合物的主要形式之一。研究酚酸作用下杨树对硝态氮的吸收利用对于揭示酚酸化感机理、明确林地改良的途径和方法具有重要意义。以欧美杨‘I-107’ (Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’)水培苗为试验材料, 采用改良Hoagland营养液培养, 以二代杨树连作人工林土壤酚酸的实际含量为参照浓度(X), 设置5个酚酸浓度水平(0, 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X), 分析不同浓度酚酸混合物对杨树硝态氮吸收利用的影响。分别在酚酸处理后第1、5、10、20、30和40天测定分析与硝态氮吸收利用密切相关的生理特性。试验结果表明: 酚酸处理导致根系伤害度明显提高, 根系活力受到酚酸物质的明显抑制, 处理后第40天各处理间表现出显著差异(p < 0.05); 48 h动态测定发现酚酸物质对硝态氮的吸收存在显著的抑制作用(p < 0.05); 处理后第40天, 低浓度酚酸(0.5X, 1.0X)导致硝态氮在植株体内发生积累, 而高浓度酚酸(1.5X, 2.0X)导致植株硝态氮含量下降; 酚酸物质明显抑制植株硝酸还原酶活性, 处理后第40天各处理间表现出显著差异(p < 0.05), 酚酸物质处理后期则引起亚硝态氮含量的升高。酚酸浓度与处理时间对杨树水培苗硝态氮的生理效应关系可以用多元线性模型描述。     

Comparative stability of ammonium- and nitrate-induced nitrate reductase activity in maize leaves

Ammonium sulfate (5 mM) had no effect on nitrate reductase activity during a 3 hr dark incubation, but the enzyme was increased 2.5-fold during a subsequent 24 hr incubation of the maize leaves in light. The enzyme activity induced by ammonium ion declined at a slower rate under non-inducing conditions than that induced by nitrate. The decline in ammonium stimulated enzyme activity in the dark was also slower than that with nitrate. Further. cycloheximide accelerated the dark inactivation of the ammonium-enzyme while it had no effect on the nitrate-enzyme. The experiments demonstrate that increase in nitrate reductase activity by ammonium ion is different from the action of nitrate action.     

Saturation and Utilization of Nitrate Pools in Pea and Sugar Beet Leaves

The critical periods in the saturation of pea and sugar beet leaves with nitrate absorbed by roots were discriminated. In peas, during the first 14 h, all nitrate penetrating leaf cells was concentrated in the cytosol (metabolic pool). During the second period (14–62 h), nitrate began to flow into the vacuole (storage pool), and the filling of the metabolic pool continued. Metabolic pool was saturated by the end of this period (62 h). During the third period (62–110 h), further nitrate accumulation in the cell occurred because of expanding of the storage pool. Its saturation (similarly as total cell saturation) commenced 86 h after the start of nitrate uptake. In sugar beet leaves, both metabolic and storage nitrate pools were saturated by the end of the first period (14 h), and the sizes of these pools did not change during the second period (14–86 h). When pea plants were transferred to the nitrate-free medium, nitrate efflux began from the storage pool until its complete exhausting after 3 days. In sugar beet leaves, nitrate was still present in the storage pool 4 days after plant transfer to the nitrate-free medium. In both crops, nitrate export from the storage pool was aimed at the maintenance of the optimum nitrate concentration in the metabolic pool and, thus, at the maintenance of nitrate reductase activity. A functional diversity of nitrate compartmentation in the cells of various plant species is discussed.     

地表处理方式对日光温室辣椒水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮、速效磷分布的影响

研究了不同地表处理方式对日光温室辣椒水分利用效率及土壤氮磷分布的影响.结果表明:地表覆盖秸秆 地膜处理的辣椒产量水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率最高,分别达33·04kg·m-3和50·22元·m-3;其次是地表覆盖地膜处理,分别达18·81kg·m-3和28·57元·m-3.不同地表处理方式对0～20cm土壤的硝态氮含量有显著影响,地表覆盖秸秆和覆盖秸秆 地膜处理,分别为31·98mg·kg-1和31·96mg·kg-1,小于对照处理(50·33mg·kg-1);地表覆盖地膜和使用保水剂处理的硝态氮含量较低.与对照相比,各处理辣椒对氮肥的利用均有所增加,耕层硝态氮积累减少.在0～20cm耕层内,地表覆盖地膜处理的速效磷含量最低,为0·72mg·kg-1,其次是地表覆盖秸秆 地膜处理,为0·92mg·kg-1.地表覆盖秸秆 地膜和地表覆盖地膜处理增加了当季作物对肥料的利用率,减少了肥料的损失,提高了产量.     

氯化镧对硝酸盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性的缓解效应

采用水培方式研究了LaCl₃对140 mmol·L^-1 NO₃-硝酸盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性的影响.结果表明: 硝酸盐胁迫显著降低了黄瓜幼苗叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,叶片Mg²⁺ ATPase、Ca²⁺ ATPase活性也随之降低;硝酸盐胁迫7 d,黄瓜幼苗叶片光合速率的降低以气孔限制为主,叶片AQY与CE下降,胁迫12 d则以非气孔限制为主.硝酸盐胁迫下,外加LaCl3可以使黄瓜叶片保持较高的Mg²⁺ ATPase、Ca²⁺ ATPase活性及叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,尤其是外加低浓度（20 μmol·L^-1）LaCl3显著增加了叶片类胡萝卜素含量;LaCl₃还具有降低气孔关闭、改善叶片气体交换功能,减缓叶片F_v/F_m、Ф_PSII、AQY、CE及q_P的降低幅度等作用,使叶片在盐胁迫下保持较高的光能利用率及CO₂同化能力.20 μmol·L^-1 LaCl₃可以有效缓解硝酸盐对黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响,而200 μmol·L^-1LaCl₃在胁迫初期对黄瓜幼苗有缓解效果,后期则效果不明显.该结果可为设施土壤的改良提供新的途径.     

锌肥对日光温室西芹硝酸盐及营养品质研究

利用日光温室西芹不同锌水平的试验,研究了以氮,钾肥作基肥时,不同锌水平对西芹的硝酸盐累积,营养品质及产量的影响,结果表明,当施用硫酸锌30kg/hm2,西芹的产量达到最高,而硝态氮含量与CK相比,叶片和叶柄分别降低28．6％和29．5％,施用锌肥可以提高Vc的含量,对可溶性糖的影响不大。     

不同硝化抑制剂对红壤氮素硝化作用及玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响

本研究分析添加不同种硝化抑制剂及其组合的高效稳定性氯化铵氮肥对红壤硝化作用、玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响,旨在筛选出适合酸性红壤的高效稳定性氯化铵态氮肥。在氯化铵中分别添加硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶(CP)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和双氰胺(DCD)及其组合,制成6种高效稳定性氯化铵态氮肥,以不施氮肥(CK)和施氯化铵(N)为对照,进行等氮量玉米盆栽试验。结果表明: 与N处理相比,CP+DMPP和DMPP+DCD处理红壤中铵态氮含量提高56%～62%,显著高于CP、DMPP和DCD处理;土壤表观硝化率显著降低33%～34%。添加硝化抑制剂及其组合的6个处理均显著提高了玉米生物量和氮肥吸收利用率。与N处理相比,单独添加硝化抑制剂处理生物量均显著高于硝化抑制剂组合处理,平均提高1.3倍;添加DCD处理效果最显著,玉米籽粒产量、吸氮量和氮肥吸收利用率分别显著提高4.1、6.3和4.4倍。为了达到既能低成本又能提高产量和氮肥利用率的效果,在红壤上添加硝化抑制剂DCD是最佳选择。     

宁夏引黄灌区秸秆还田对麦田土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区为例,探索秸秆还田条件下冬小麦土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1,半量还田)和9000 kg/hm2(T2,全量还田)秸秆3个处理。利用树脂芯法吸附10、20、30、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:硝态氮(纯N)淋失量6.26—12.85 kg/hm2,是冬小麦施用化肥氮量的2.78%—5.71%。与对照CK相比,T1和T2在10cm土层减少0.09%和3.97%;20cm土层减少8.51%和9.81%;30cm土层减少2.25%和10.34%;60cm土层减少23.85%和13.08%;90cm土层减少27.65%和20.73%。10cm和20cm土层,处理与对照以及处理之间均未到显著性差异(P0.05);30cm处理,T1与CK以及T1与T2未达到显著性差异,但T2与CK达到显著性差异表明全量还田效果最好;60cm土层,处理与对照、以及处理之间均达到显著性差异;90cm土层,处理与对照之间达到显著性差异,处理之间未达到显著性差异。硝态氮淋失主要发生在冬小麦返青至灌浆期间,占全生育期淋失量的52.95%—67.79%。T1、T2冬小麦产量增产率分别为10.11%与11.51%。可见,稻秆还田能够减少灌区土壤硝态氮淋失量。