Are diel vertical migrations of European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) early juveniles under direct control of light intensity? Evidence from a large field experiment

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Carbon balance and source‐sink metabolic changes in winter wheat exposed to high night‐time temperature

Carbon loss under high night‐time temperature (HNT) leads to significant reduction in wheat yield. Growth chamber studies were carried out using six winter wheat genotypes, to unravel postheading HNT (23°C)–induced alterations in carbon balance, source‐sink metabolic changes, yield, and yield‐related traits compared with control (15°C) conditions. Four of the six tested genotypes recorded a significant increase in night respiration after 4 days of HNT exposure, with all the cultivars regulating carbon loss and demonstrating different degree of acclimation to extended HNT exposure. Metabolite profiling indicated carbohydrate metabolism in spikes and activation of the TriCarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle in leaves as important pathways operating under HNT exposure. A significant increase in sugars, sugar‐alcohols, and phosphate in spikes of the tolerant genotype (Tascosa) indicated osmolytes and membrane protective mechanisms acting against HNT damage. Enhanced night respiration under HNT resulted in higher accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates like isocitrate and fumarate in leaves of the susceptible genotype (TX86A5606). Lower grain number due to lesser productive spikes and reduced grain weight due to shorter grain‐filling duration determined HNT‐induced yield loss in winter wheat. Traits and mechanisms identified will help catalyze the development of physiological and metabolic markers for breeding HNT‐tolerant wheat.     

A laboratory experiment to determine the dispersal response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry to street light intensity

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湘黄种鸡露天散养时光照程序制定办法研究

湘黄种鸡露天散养时,合理的光照以提高产合格种蛋率是露天散养的重要技术之一。本研究采用人工光照与自然光照结合办法,对4个批次7 400套种鸡进行了研究观察,并与对应的同日龄全自然光照专业户鸡群比较,得出散养种鸡制定出合理的光照程序可使产合格蛋率提高21.93%。     

Low‐photobleaching line‐scanning confocal microscopy using dual inclined beams

Confocal microscopy is an indispensable tool for biological imaging due to its high resolution and optical sectioning capability. However, its slow imaging speed and severe photobleaching have largely prevented further applications. Here, we present dual inclined beam line‐scanning (LS) confocal microscopy. The reduced excitation intensity of our imaging method enabled a 2‐fold longer observation time of fluorescence compared to traditional LS microscopy while maintaining a good sectioning capability and single‐molecule sensitivity. We characterized the performance of our method and applied it to subcellular imaging and three‐dimensional single‐molecule RNA imaging in mammalian cells.      

夏季不同昼夜温度模式对广聚萤叶甲发育和繁殖的影响

本文旨在探明夏季不同昼夜温度模式对广聚萤叶甲发育及繁殖的影响。在实验室条件下,模拟了夏季常规的昼夜气温变化模式32℃±4℃、白天均温升高2℃及极端高温升高2℃,以恒温28℃为对照,研究上述温度模式对广聚萤叶甲的生长发育及繁殖动态的影响,并组建了广聚萤叶甲实验种群生命表。随日平均温度的增加,广聚萤叶甲卵的孵化率和幼虫存活率降低,发育历期缩短,成虫寿命及产卵量减少,但是对蛹的羽化率影响不大。白天均温升高2℃时,尽管广聚萤叶甲生殖力最低,但是其内禀增长率最高,种群加倍时间短。广聚萤叶甲能根据昼夜温度变化来改变生长发育特点以适应外环境界,通过缩短种群加倍时间来维持一定的种群数量。     

Broad spectral sensitivities in the honeybee's photoreceptors limit colour constancy

Colour constancy allows for visual systems to be view stimuli independent of changes in spectral illumination. Chromatic adaptation is likely to be an important mechanism in colour constancy and can be explained by use of the von Kries coefficient law. Chromatic adaptation is compared for the honeybee and three hypothetical visual systems. It is shown that the spectral breadth and asymmetry of photoreceptors in the honeybee may limit colour constancy. In particular, it is demonstrated that the absorption of short-wavelength radiation by the cis-band of chromophore is responsible for a poorer correction for bee colours rich in ultraviolet reflectance. The results are discussed in relation to theoretical considerations of von Kries colour constancy and the physiology of eye design in some other species for which colour constancy has been demonstrated. Accepted: 14 August 1999     

不同生境下濒危植物膝柄木幼树的生态适应性

膝柄木是我国极度濒危植物,也是广西滨海过渡带天然植被的重要组成树种.为了解光因子对膝柄木天然更新的限制影响,该文对林缘、林窗、林下三种不同光照生境下膝柄木幼树的生理和生长指标的年际变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)光合有效辐射不足影响了膝柄木幼树的生长.林下幼树的地径、株高和叶面积增长量显著降低,而生长于光照充足林缘...     

Subcellular localization of Type VI secretion system assembly in response to cell–cell contact

Bacteria require a number of systems, including the type VI secretion system (T6SS), for interbacterial competition and pathogenesis. The T6SS is a large nanomachine that can deliver toxins directly across membranes of proximal target cells. Since major reassembly of T6SS is necessary after each secretion event, accurate timing and localization of T6SS assembly can lower the cost of protein translocation. Although critically important, mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal regulation of T6SS assembly remain poorly understood. Here, we used super‐resolution live‐cell imaging to show that while Acinetobacter and Burkholderia thailandensis can assemble T6SS at any site, a significant subset of T6SS assemblies localizes precisely to the site of contact between neighboring bacteria. We identified a class of diverse, previously uncharacterized, periplasmic proteins required for this dynamic localization of T6SS to cell–cell contact (TslA). This precise localization is also dependent on the outer membrane porin OmpA. Our analysis links transmembrane communication to accurate timing and localization of T6SS assembly as well as uncovers a pathway allowing bacterial cells to respond to cell–cell contact during interbacterial competition.     

深红红螺菌吸氢酶缺失突变株在管式光合反应器中的产氢

本研究设计了一种2 L分体式管式光合反应器, 并研究了深红红螺菌(Rhodospirillum rubrum)吸氢酶缺失突变株在该反应器中分别利用人工光源(持续光照与光暗交替)和自然光的产氢规律。结果表明在人工光照条件下R. rubrum的产氢可维持5 d, 持续光照和光暗交替条件下(12 h: 12 h)的氢产量可分别达到5752 mL/PBR ± 158 mL/PBR和5012 mL/PBR ± 202 mL/PBR; 自然光条件下, 最适产氢光照强度为30000 Lux~40000 Lux; 在此光照条件下, R. rubrum产氢可维持6 d~ 10 d, 最高氢产量可达到2800 mL/PBR。尽管利用自然光的氢产量比利用人工光源氢产量低, 但是利用自然光的产氢比较经济, 并且该光合产氢系统操作简单, 该工艺有望开发为低成本的光合细菌产氢技术。