小尺度森林生态功能分区研究——以台湾惠荪林场为例

基于景观生态学中结构与功能相互依存的理念 ,选定小尺度森林为研究对象 ,根据生态系统内部结构特性 ,确立森林生态功能的空间定位 ,以提高森林生态系统的功能与价值。研究首先基于森林生态系统具有生物生产、环境服务及文化支持等基本功能 ,提出上述功能应通过森林生产、教学实习、科学研究、休闲游憩和生态保护等功能区加以体现。后依据研究区环境特征进行影响因子分析 ,结合景观生态与生态规划相关理论 ,构建森林生态功能分区方案。在案例实践中 ,选择台湾惠荪林场进行研究 ,配合研究区现况 ,期望通过功能区与结构的空间调整 ,达到服务功能的优化。     

Altruistic self‐removal of health‐compromised honey bee workers from their hive

Social insect colonies represent distinct units of selection. Most individuals evolve by kin selection and forgo individual reproduction. Instead, they display altruistic food sharing, nest maintenance and self‐sacrificial colony defence. Recently, altruistic self‐removal of diseased worker ants from their colony was described as another important kin‐selected behaviour. Here, we report corroborating experimental evidence from honey bee foragers and theoretical analyses. We challenged honey bee foragers with prolonged CO₂ narcosis or by feeding with the cytostatic drug hydroxyurea. Both treatments resulted in increased mortality but also caused the surviving foragers to abandon their social function and remove themselves from their colony, resulting in altruistic suicide. A simple model suggests that altruistic self‐removal by sick social insect workers to prevent disease transmission is expected under most biologically plausible conditions. The combined theoretical and empirical support for altruistic self‐removal suggests that it may be another important kin‐selected behaviour and a potentially widespread mechanism of social immunity.     

棕色固氮菌产生的钼配位化合物——Ⅱ.功能的初步探讨

棕色固氮菌在正常培养过程中所产生的含肽物质,有络合特征峰出现。含肽物质与钼(V)络合的EPR信号g值为1.94。与钼酸盐的络合稳定常数K为2.5×10~9。棕色固氮菌变种UW1(Av1~-,Av2~-),UW38(Av1~-,Av2~ )和UW91(Av1~ ,Av2~-)都能产生类似的含肽物质。培养基中钼的存在是含肽物质产生和分泌所必需的,含肽物质排出的量与培养基中钼的水准呈正相关。不能积累钼的变种UW71在高钼培养基中只能限量地分泌含肽物质。氨培养条件下仍能产生和分泌含肽物质。这种含肽物质与该菌粗提液中的某种成分(除固氮酶组分外)具同源性,它既能从菌体中分泌出来,又能进入菌体,在菌体和培养液之间往返运行,可能在该菌钼酸盐运输中起载体作用。     

绿洲农业生态经济系统的结构与功能分析以张掖绿洲为例

通过分析张掖绿洲农业生态经济系统的结构与功能,发现其种群结构单一、产业结构不甚合理、空间结构脆弱,决定了绿洲功能较差,产投比低下的特点,并据此从可持续发展的角度提出了改善绿洲农业生态经济系统结构、提高其功能的对策与建议     

Random field models for fitness landscapes

 In many cases fitness landscapes are obtained as particular instances of random fields by randomly assigning a large number of parameters. Models of this type are often characterized reasonably well by their covariance matrices. We characterize isotropic random fields on finite graphs in terms of their Fourier series expansions and investigate the relation between the covariance matrix of the random field model and the correlation structure of the individual landscapes constructed from this random field. Correlation measures are a good characteristic of “rugged landscapes” models as they are closely related to quantities like the number of local optima or the length of adaptive walks. Our formalism suggests to approximate landscape with known autocorrelation function by a random field model that has the same correlation structure. Received: 10 November 1995 / Revised version: 19 February 1996     

Sexual dimorphism in rat left atrial function and response to adrenergic stimulation

A number of investigations in humans and animals suggest that there may be intrinsic sex-associated differences in cardiac function. Using left atrial preparations from male and female rat hearts, we examined differences in myocardial function and response to adrenergic agonists. Contractile parameters were measured in isolated atria by conventional isometric methods in the absence or presence of isoproterenol or phenylephrine. Responsiveness to Ca²⁺ was measured in detergent-skinned atrial fibers and actomyosin ATPase activity was measured in isolated myofibrils. Tetanic contractions were generated by treating the atrium with ryanodine followed by high frequency stimulation. Developed force was greater and maximal rates of contraction and relaxation were more rapid in the female atrium. The relationship between Ca²⁺ concentration and force in both intact atria and detergent-skinned atrial fibers in females fell to the left of that for males. At low Ca²⁺ concentrations, skinned fibers from female atria generated more force and myofibrils from female atria had higher myosin ATPase activity than males. Tetanic contraction in the presence of high extracellular Ca²⁺ was greater in female atria. Male atrium had larger inotropic responses to isoproterenol and to phenylephrine, but drug-elicited cAMP and inositol phosphate production did not differ between sexes. The results demonstrate sex-related differences in atrial function that can be partially explained by greater myofibrillar Ca²⁺-sensitivity in females. A potential contribution of sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx is suggested by greater tetanic contraction in ryanodine-treated female atrium. The larger response of males to adrenergic stimulation does not appear to be explained by higher production of relevant second messengers. Future studies will investigate the role of sex hormones in these sexually dimorphic responses and may indicate a need for gender-specific therapeutic interventions for myocardial dysfunction.     

Role of leaflet asymmetry in the permeability of model biological membranes to protons, solutes, and gases.

Bilayer asymmetry in the apical membrane may be important to the barrier function exhibited by epithelia in the stomach, kidney, and bladder. Previously, we showed that reduced fluidity of a single bilayer leaflet reduced water permeability of the bilayer, and in this study we examine the effect of bilayer asymmetry on permeation of nonelectrolytes, gases, and protons. Bilayer asymmetry was induced in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes by rigidifying the outer leaflet with the rare earth metal, praseodymium (Pr3+). Rigidification was demonstrated by fluorescence anisotropy over a range of temperatures from 24 to 50 degrees C. Pr3+-treatment reduced membrane fluidity at temperatures above 40 degrees C (the phase-transition temperature). Increased fluidity exhibited by dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes at 40 degrees C occurred at temperatures 1-3 degrees C higher in Pr3+-treated liposomes, and for both control and Pr3+-treated liposomes permeability coefficients were approximately two orders of magnitude higher at 48 degrees than at 24 degrees C. Reduced fluidity of one leaflet correlated with significantly reduced permeabilities to urea, glycerol, formamide, acetamide, and NH3. Proton permeability of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes was only fourfold higher at 48 degrees than at 24 degrees C, indicating a weak dependence on membrane fluidity, and this increase was abolished by Pr3+. CO2 permeability was unaffected by temperature. We conclude: (a) that decreasing membrane fluidity in a single leaflet is sufficient to reduce overall membrane permeability to solutes and NH3, suggesting that leaflets in a bilayer offer independent resistances to permeation, (b) bilayer asymmetry is a mechanism by which barrier epithelia can reduce permeability, and (c) CO(2) permeation through membranes occurs by a mechanism that is not dependent on fluidity.     

疱疹病毒膜融合的分子机制

囊膜病毒与宿主细胞的膜融合是病毒入侵宿主细胞的重要过程,这一过程涉及到病毒囊膜表面糖蛋白与宿主细胞表面受体之间的相互作用和构象变化．疱疹病毒有多个糖蛋白及不同类型的细胞作用受体,相应的受体-糖蛋白复合体构成方式也有多种,其引致的膜融合机制被认为是目前病毒融合机制研究中最复杂的,近年来被广泛研究并取得突破性进展．从病毒糖蛋白与相应受体的结构与功能、受体-糖蛋白复合体的形成与入侵途径,以及膜融合模式几个方面,全面综述疱疹病毒膜融合的分子机制,并展望了未来研究趋势．     

基于多目标灰色局势决策的三峡库区防护林类型空间优化配置

基于2007年Landsat TM遥感影像和影响防护林的主导环境因子,对三峡库区的森林立地进行分类,并通过选取水源涵养量、生物量和林分生产力3个指标,利用多目标灰色局势决策模型对库区现有的针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林4种防护林类型进行空间优化配置.结果表明： 2007年,三峡库区森林立地可划分为40种类型;空间配置优化后,研究区针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林的面积比例分别为32.55%、29.43%、34.95%和3.07%.与优化前相比,优化后针叶林和灌木林的面积比例分别减少了8.79%和28.55%,阔叶林和针阔混交林分别增加了10.23%和27.11%.通过防护林类型的空间优化,三峡库区整体的水源涵养能力、生物量和林分生产力分别增加14.09×10⁸ m³、0.35×10⁸ t和1.08×10⁶ t.     

阻断子宫动脉建立FGR大鼠模型的研究

目的通过暂时阻断妊娠期大鼠子宫血供的方法建立子宫缺血引起胎儿生长受限的动物模型。方法根据大鼠子宫动脉是卵巢动脉的一个分支的解剖特点,于孕鼠妊娠第15天时施行手术暂时阻断卵巢动脉并于第21天行剖宫产术,术后称量新生胎仔体重及胎盘、脑、心、肝、肺、肾等重要脏器重量,对比各组间新生胎仔的预后的不同,并对照研究阻断血供10、20、30及40 min对胎仔的不同影响。结果妊娠晚期阻断孕鼠卵巢动脉20min可成功构建胎儿生长受限模型,这种方法与阻断动脉血流30或40 min相比,手术时间短,技术要求不高,胎仔死亡率与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。各实验组较对照组新生胎仔体重及胎盘、各重要脏器重量均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论通过阻断卵巢动脉从而阻断子宫动脉血流,成功建立缺血缺氧性FGR孕鼠模型。该模型重复性好,操作简便,并可成功设立同体对照,为进行FGR相关的产科理论研究提供了一个有利的技术平台。