Comparative analysis of the excretory-secretory proteome of the muscle larva of Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella spiralis

The nematodes Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis are both intracellular parasites of skeletal muscle cells and induce profound alterations in the host cell resulting in a re-alignment of muscle-specific gene expression. While T. spiralis induces the production of a collagen capsule surrounding the host-parasite complex, T. pseudospiralis exists in a non-encapsulated form and is also characterised by suppression of the host inflammatory response in the muscle. These observed differences between the two species are thought to be due to variation in the proteins excreted or secreted (ES proteins) by the muscle larva. In this study, we use a global proteomics approach to compare the ES protein profiles from both species and to identify individual T. pseudospiralis proteins that complement earlier studies with T. spiralis. Following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the peptide spots. In many cases identification was aided by the determination of partial peptide sequence from selected mass ions. The T. pseudospiralis spots identified included the major secreted glycoproteins and the secreted 5'-nucleotidase. Furthermore, two major groups of T. spiralis-specific proteins and several T. pseudospiralis-specific proteins were identified. Our results demonstrate the value of proteomics as a tool for the identification of ES proteins that are differentially expressed between Trichinella species and as an aid to identifying key parasite proteins that are involved in the host-parasite interaction. The value of this approach will be further enhanced by data arising out the current T. spiralis genome sequencing project.     

具钩竖毛螯石蛾(毛翅目,螯石蛾科)幼虫的线粒体DNA鉴定和记述

测定和分析了具钩竖毛螯石蛾成虫和幼虫及黄氏竖毛螯石蛾成虫的mtDNA-COⅠ、Ⅱ及tRNA-Leu基因序列,发现具钩竖毛螯石蛾成虫与幼虫的序列歧异度为1%,而具钩竖毛螯石蛾的成、幼虫与黄氏竖毛螯石蛾成虫的序列歧异度为14%和13%.对我国特有种具钩竖毛螯石蛾幼虫的形态特征进行了描述.     

Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic and cognitive effects of developmental methamphetamine exposure

Methamphetamine exposure in utero leads to a variety of higher‐order cognitive deficits, such as decreased attention and working, and spatial memory impairments in exposed children (Piper et al., 2011; Roussotte et al., 2011; Kiblawi et al., 2011). As with other teratogens, the timing of methamphetamine exposure greatly determines its effects on both neuroanatomical and behavioral outcomes. Methamphetamine exposure in rodents during the third trimester human equivalent period of brain development results in distinct and long‐lasting route‐based and spatial navigation deficits (Williams et al., 2003; Vorhees et al., 2005, 2008, 2009;). Here, we examine the impact of neonatal methamphetamine‐induced neurotoxicity on behavioral outcomes, neurotransmission, receptor changes, plasticity proteins, and DNA damage. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:131–141, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

松阿扁叶蜂越冬幼虫体内氨基酸含量的测定分析

本文测定了不同时期松阿扁叶蜂Acantholyda posticalis Matsumura越冬幼虫虫体、血淋。巴内氨基酸含量,并对影响幼虫抗寒的氨基酸进行了探讨。对越冬幼虫体内17种氨基酸的研究结果表明,从越冬初期至越冬期,氨基酸种类并没有发生变化,但各种氨基酸含量变化不同,丙氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸和胱氨酸随着温度的下降呈增加趋势。幼虫虫体总氨基酸含量增幅最大的为丙氨酸,比越冬初期增加了28.8%,其次是脯氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸,分别比越冬初期增加了9.4%、6.4%和5.4%,其他氨基酸增加不明显;幼虫血淋巴内游离氨基酸中的丙氨酸、胱氨酸和谷氨酸含量分别比越冬初期增加了94.6%、80.2%和19.6%。因此认为体内这些氨基酸含量的变化可能与低温抗寒密切相关。     

普通齿蛉幼虫的游泳行为（英文）

为了探究广翅目昆虫幼虫在水中的游泳能力, 以丰富其水生习性的行为学资料, 选取中国特有种普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis幼虫为研究对象, 通过室内试验对其游泳的姿势、 刺激因素、 不同龄期游泳能力及在外界刺激下的游泳行为进行了观察和测定。结果表明： 普通齿蛉幼虫有垂直、 平行、 仰面和侧面等4种游泳姿势, 出现的频率分别为89.08%, 5.49%, 4.40%和0.61%。游泳时身体呈不同程度的“S”形, 利用头部和尾部方向的改变实现虫体的上升、 下沉和游泳姿势的改变。普通齿蛉幼虫利用身体的摆动游泳, 游泳时3对足以固定的姿势靠紧身体。不同龄期的幼虫游泳能力差异很大, 6龄幼虫的游泳能力远强于2龄和末龄幼虫。在游泳时, 普通齿蛉幼虫还具有比较复杂和独特的防御行为, 如其腹部末端会喷射出化学物质。据此认为, 普通齿蛉拥有较强的游泳能力, 有助于其逃生和防御。     

普通齿蛉和单斑巨齿蛉(广翅目:齿蛉科)卵块及1龄幼虫形态学研究

本文以普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis Navás,1932和单斑巨齿蛉Acanthacorydalis unimaculata Yang et Yang,1986为例,描述和比较了广翅目齿蛉科齿蛉属和巨齿蛉属的卵块及1龄幼虫形态特征.结果显示普通齿蛉与单斑巨齿蛉的卵块和1龄幼虫在形态上有着较大差异:...     

Coding characters from different life stages for phylogenetic reconstruction: a case study on dragonfly adults and larvae,including a description of the larval head anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes (Odonata: Epiophlebiidae)

The exclusive use of characters coding for specific life stages may bias tree reconstruction. If characters from several life stages are coded, the type of coding becomes important. Here, we simulate the influence on tree reconstruction of morphological characters of Odonata larvae incorporated into a data matrix based on the adult body under different coding schemes. For testing purposes, our analysis is focused on a well‐supported hypothesis: the relationships of the suborders Zygoptera, ‘Anisozygoptera’, and Anisoptera. We studied the cephalic morphology of Epiophlebia, a key taxon among Odonata, and compared it with representatives of Zygoptera and Anisoptera in order to complement the data matrix. Odonate larvae are characterized by a peculiar morphology, such as the specific head form, mouthpart configuration, ridge configuration, cephalic musculature, and leg and gill morphology. Four coding strategies were used to incorporate the larval data: artificial coding (AC), treating larvae as independent terminal taxa; non‐multistate coding (NMC), preferring the adult life stage; multistate coding (MC); and coding larval and adult characters separately (SC) within the same taxon. As expected, larvae are ‘monophyletic’ in the AC strategy, but with anisopteran and zygopteran larvae as sister groups. Excluding larvae in the NMC approach leads to strong support for both monophyletic Odonata and Epiprocta, whereas MC erodes phylogenetic signal completely. This is an obvious result of the larval morphology leading to many multistate characters. SC results in the strongest support for Odonata, and Epiprocta receives the same support as with NMC. Our results show the deleterious effects of larval morphology on tree reconstruction when multistate coding is applied. Coding larval characters separately is still the best approach in a phylogenetic framework. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London     

冬虫夏草菌丝状菌源增殖培养的研究

冬虫夏草菌是珍稀濒危名贵中药材冬虫夏草的无性型菌种,是侵染蝠蛾幼虫的唯一菌种,其侵染后形成名贵中药材冬虫夏草。冬虫夏草菌在不同营养及条件下生长形态不同,主要有丝状体和菌球体两种生长形态。冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体能够侵染蝠蛾幼虫,有可能作为一种新的接种体被广泛应用;但丝状菌体对营养要求苛刻、生长缓慢、菌丝体得率低的特点,阻碍了冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体作为侵染蝠蛾幼虫的接种体的开发及应用,从而阻碍了冬虫夏草人工培殖产业化的进程。为了提高冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体的生物表达量,本文对营养及培养条件进行了优化研究,得出了最佳条件为:葡萄糖质量浓度40 g/L、酵母粉质量浓度65 g/L、培养温度17℃、MgSO_4质量浓度3 g/L、KH_2PO_4质量浓度1.5 g/L、培养时间12 d,按最优培养条件,冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体干重得率15.67 g/L,为下一步新的接种体的制备提供菌源保障。     

低氧预处理对新生大鼠脑低氧缺血时海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的：观察低氧预处理对新生大鼠脑低氧缺血时海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响,探讨低氧预处理对新生大鼠脑低氧缺血损伤的保护机制。方法：7日龄新生SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、低氧缺血组（HIBD组）和低氧预处理组（HPC＋HIBD组）。采用免疫组织化学方法,检测各组脑组织海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的变化。结果：与正常对照组、假手术组相比．HIBD组和HPC＋HIBD组海马区Bcl-2蛋白和Bax蛋白表达明显增多;与HIBD组相比,HPC＋HIBD组海马区Bcl-2蛋白表达明显增多,Bax蛋白表达明显减少。结论：低氧预处理后Bcl-2表达上调,Bax表达下调,可能是其保护随后脑低氧缺血损伤的机制之一。     

家蝇幼虫血细胞类型及免疫功能的初步研究

目的用不同方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞的形态,并对血细胞进行分类和免疫功能研究,为昆虫血细胞形态、分类及免疫研究提供实验依据。方法 (1)应用姬氏染色结合相差显微镜及荧光染色方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞形态,并对家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞进行分类;(2)观察家蝇3龄幼虫感染大肠杆菌后不同时间血细胞总数(THC)、各类血细胞数量(DHC)及形态的变化;(3)应用倒置显微镜观察家蝇3龄幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后的形态变化;(4)采用酶细胞化学技术测定感染前后家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞中ACP、POD活性的变化。结果 (1)家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞可分为原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞5类,其中浆血胞又分为大核浆血胞和小核浆血胞两种;(2)感染后各时间组血细胞总数、浆血胞和粒血胞数量均显著升高,且浆血胞和粒血胞聚集成堆,出现细胞变形、空泡等形态变化;感染后16h、24h组的珠血胞数显著升高;原血胞和类绛血胞数量和形态无明显变化;(3)家蝇幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后粒血胞周围见大量细菌聚集,浆血胞、粒血胞聚集成团将细菌包裹形成包囊,未见原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞形态的变化;(4)感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性增强,感染前后原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞中均未见ACP、POD的阳性反应物。结论通过3种方法能很好地将家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞分为5类,其中浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫参与免疫反应的主要细胞类型,珠血胞不参与感染后的早期细胞免疫反应。