国内植物环境胁迫研究应注意的几个基本问题

根据作者多年从事植物逆境研究和教学的经验以及在近几年接触到的国内有关研究工作中发现的问题,为了提高今后研究工作的基础水平和学术期刊稿件的科学水平,特提出几个植物逆境研究中常见到的缺憾和对概念理解上的偏差予以讨论和澄清。问题包括：环境胁迫的定义和定量,植物对环境胁迫的“直接感受”,抗逆性和敏感性,耐逆性和避逆性,适应、驯化和锻炼,环境胁迫的剂量效应关系,伤害和死亡的判定,植物细胞膜的透性和植物自由基清除系统对环境胁迫的反应。     

两种烟草对烟夜蛾实验种群和自然种群增长的影响

烟夜蛾对黄花烟草的产卵趋性显著高于普通烟草,为明确亲代成虫的产卵选择行为对其后代种群增长的影响,分别在室内和自然条件下,应用生命表技术测定了两种烟草对烟夜蛾的生长发育和存活、食物的转化和利用以及种群增长的影响.结果表明:(1) 室内(26±1)℃、(75±5)% R.H和16L:8D光周期条件下,与普通烟草相比,黄花烟草上幼虫的发育历期显著延长,1～3龄各期幼虫的存活率及雌蛾产卵量显著降低,种群净增殖率(R0=16.1086)和内禀增长率(rm=0.0848)减小.(2) 6龄幼虫对两种烟草的相对取食量(RCR)和近似消化率(AD)无显著差异,但是对黄花烟草的利用率(ECI)、转化率(ECD)及其相对生长率(RGR)显著下降.(3) 第二代烟夜蛾在普通烟田的种群数量呈上升趋势(I=1.0325＞1),而在黄花烟田呈下降趋势(I=0.6577＜1),第三代烟夜蛾种群在两种烟田均呈下降趋势,但普通烟田的种群增长(I=0.4571)大于黄花烟田(I=0 3592).这些结果表明,黄花烟草较不适合烟夜蛾的繁殖和种群增长,其寄主适合性不如普通烟草.     

The essentials of direct xylem pressure measurement

This paper discusses the essentials of the oil‐filled pressure probe technique in the measurement of negative xylem pressures, focusing in particular on the technique and physics underlying our recent, successful experiment which has rekindled the debate on the validity of the Cohesion–Tension theory. We illustrate a number of general problems associated with the cell pressure probe and xylem pressure probe techniques, and propose appropriate criteria for micropipette construction. We enumerate factors dealing with the cavitation problem and suggest methods for eliminating air seeds in the system. We introduce reliable criteria for the successful measurement of xylem pressure, and emphasize the importance of the probe pressure relaxation test. Several problems regarding the controversy over the Cohesion–Tension theory are also discussed. We discuss the correlation between xylem pressure and the transpiration rate, the existence of absolute negative xylem pressure in intact plants, the most negative values of xylem pressure measured by the pressure probe, the agreement between the pressure probe and pressure bomb techniques, and the vulnerability to cavitation (tensile strength) of pressure probes.     

Probing the effect of nitro groups in nitramine based energetic molecules: a DFT and charge density study

The structure, electron density distribution, energetic and electrostatic properties of simple nitramine based energetic TMA, DMNA, MDA and TNA molecules were determined using density functional theory (B3LYP) with the 6-311G^** and aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets coupled with Bader's theory of atoms in molecules. In the NO₂ group substituted molecules, the N–N bond distance increases with the increase of NO₂ groups, whereas in C–N bonds, this effect is relatively less, and the distances are almost equal. The topological analysis of electron density reveals that the electron density ρ_bcp(r) of C–N and N–N bonds are significantly decreasing with the increase of NO₂ groups in the nitramine molecules. The Laplacian of electron density ▽²ρ_bcp(r) of N–NO₂ bonds [DMNA: ? 16.7 eÅ^? 5, MDA: ? 12.8 eÅ^? 5 and TNA: ? 7.9 eÅ^? 5] of the molecules are relatively less negative, and the values also decrease with the increase of NO₂ groups; this implies that the charge concentration decreases with the increase of NO₂ groups, which leads to weakening the N–N bonds of the molecules. The isosurface of molecular electrostatic potential displays high electronegative regions around the NO₂ groups. The oxygen balance OB₁₀₀ of the molecules increases as the number of NO₂ group increases in the molecules, in which, the TNA molecule having maximum OB₁₀₀ value [+7.89]. The band gap, heat of detonation, bond dissociation energy and charge imbalance are predominantly depends on the number of NO₂ group present in the molecule. The charge imbalance parameter (ν) has been calculated for all molecules, which reveals that TNA is a highly sensitive molecule, the corresponding ν value is 0.047.     

Catalytic cycle of human glutathione reductase near 1 A resolution

Efficient enzyme catalysis depends on exquisite details of structure beyond those resolvable in typical medium- and high-resolution crystallographic analyses. Here we report synchrotron-based cryocrystallographic studies of natural substrate complexes of the flavoenzyme human glutathione reductase (GR) at nominal resolutions between 1.1 and 0.95 Å that reveal new aspects of its mechanism. Compression in the active site causes overlapping van der Waals radii and distortion in the nicotinamide ring of the NADPH substrate, which enhances catalysis via stereoelectronic effects. The bound NADPH and redox-active disulfide are positioned optimally on opposite sides of the flavin for a 1,2-addition across a flavin double bond. The new structures extend earlier observations to reveal that the redox-active disulfide loop in GR is an extreme case of sequential peptide bonds systematically deviating from planarity—a net deviation of 53° across five residues. But this apparent strain is not a factor in catalysis, as it is present in both oxidized and reduced structures. Intriguingly, the flavin bond lengths in oxidized GR are intermediate between those expected for oxidized and reduced flavin, but we present evidence that this may not be due to the protein environment but instead due to partial synchrotron reduction of the flavin by the synchrotron beam. Finally, of more general relevance, we present evidence that the structures of synchrotron-reduced disulfide bonds cannot generally be used as reliable models for naturally reduced disulfide bonds.     

Rab27b localizes to zymogen granules and regulates pancreatic acinar exocytosis

To understand the function of pancreatic zymogen granules, we performed a proteomics analysis to identify ZG membrane components. Here we report the identification of Rab27b through this proteomics study and validate its role in granule function. MALDI-MS peptide mass fingerprint was matched to rat Rab27b with 43% sequence coverage, and the identification was also confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. The localization of Rab27b on ZGs was confirmed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. To examine the function of Rab27b in acinar secretion, we overexpressed wild type and mutant Rab27b protein in pancreatic acini using recombinant adenoviruses. Wild type Rab27b had no effect on amylase secretion, while Rab27b Q78L enhanced, and Rab27b N133I inhibited, CCK-induced amylase release by 92+/-13% and 53+/-8%, respectively. This enhancement and inhibition occurred at all points on the CCK dose-response curve and over a 30min time course. These results demonstrate that Rab27b is present on ZGs and plays an important role in regulating acinar exocytosis.     

土壤镉胁迫对檫木光合特性的影响

采用盆栽控制土培试验的方法,探讨不同浓度Cd胁迫对檫木(Sassafras tzumu Hemsl.)光合特性的影响。试验共设置5个镉处理水平(CK:0 mg·kg^-1,T1:5 mg·kg^-1,T2:20 mg·kg^-1,T3:50 mg·kg^-1,T4:100 mg·kg^-1)。分别测定每个处理下檫木叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及光合—光响应曲线。结果表明:①随着处理Cd浓度的升高,檫木叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量先增加后下降,T2处理下取达到最大值;②随着Cd浓度处理升高,叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)均呈现下降趋势,各处理间胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)差异不显著,檫木叶片光合速率主要受非气孔因素限制;③随着Cd浓度升高,檫木叶片的Pnmax(最大净光合速率)呈现显著下降趋势;T1处理条件下,檫木叶片的初始量子效率(α)值最大;檫木叶片的暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)总体呈现下降趋势。综上表明,在不同浓度Cd胁迫条件下,檫木叶绿素含量先增后减,在T1、T2处理下高于CK,体现了Cd胁迫“低促高抑”的效应;随着Cd浓度处理升高,光合气体交换参数及光合—光响应参数较CK总体上均呈现下降趋势,表明Cd胁迫对檫木光合作用产生了明显的抑制作用。     

三阴性乳腺癌中MMP9和P53的表达与其预后的关系研究

目的:研究三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)中基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metal proteinase 9,MMP9)和P53的表达及其与三阴性乳腺癌预后的关系。方法:收集2002年3月至2011年7月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院普外科诊治且临床资料完整的TNBC标本147例,通过免疫组化检测其MMP9、P53的表达。结合临床随访数据,分析MMP9、P53的表达与TNBC预后的关系。结果:TNBC占同期本院收治的乳腺癌13.3%(147/1103)。MMP9、P53在TNBC中的阳性表达率分别为47.6%和66.0%。MMP9与TNBC患者的淋巴结转移数显著相关(P=0.003)。MMP9表达阳性的TNBC与MMP9表达阴性TNBC患者60个月的无病生存(disease free survival,DFS)率分别为62%和83%,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001);总体生存率(overall survival,OS)率分别为66%和73%,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.022)。P53表达阳性的TNBC和P53表达阴性的TNBC患者60个月的DFS分别为65%和87%(P=0.010);OS分别为60%和85%(P=0.005)。MMP9和P53的HR分别为3.353(95%CI:1.614-6.966,P=0.001)和2.979(95%CI:1.239-7.165,P=0.015)。结论:MMP9和P53在TNBC中的阳性表达与患者的预后不良有关,且MMP9为影响TNBC患者预后的独立危险因素。     

水分对番茄不同叶龄叶片光合作用的影响

以番茄品种\"金棚1号\"为材料,采用盆栽方式,按照蒸腾蒸发量(ET)的50%、75%、100%和125%作为补充灌溉量研究了不同水分下番茄结果期叶片气体交换特性和光响应特征参数随叶龄的变化。结果表明:番茄叶片随着叶龄的增加,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)逐渐降低,水分利用效率(WUE)呈先上升后下降趋势;叶龄为18 d和29 d的叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)随灌溉量的增加均先增加后降低,分别在75%ET和100%ET处理达到最大值。叶龄为38 d和47 d的叶片Pmax均以125%ET处理最大。表观量子效率(α)随叶龄的增大也先升高后下降,在叶龄为38 d时最大;番茄叶片的光饱和点(LSP)随叶龄的加大而减小。不同水分处理下不同叶龄叶片的光响应特征参数为:叶片在叶龄为18 d时,Pmax为20.64—26.73μmol.m-.2s-1,α为0.0518—0.0556;叶龄为29 d时,Pmax为11.00—24.24μmol.m-.2s-1,α为0.0522—0.0594;叶龄为38 d时,Pmax为11.77—18.18μmol.m-.2s-1,α为0.0619—0.0693;叶龄为47 d时,Pmax为9.09—18.17μmol.m-.2s-1,α为0.0538—0.0606。随叶龄加大,增加补充灌溉量有利于延缓叶片光合能力的降低。气孔限制是水分影响番茄叶片光合作用的主要因素,气孔限制与非气孔限制因素是番茄叶片Pn随叶龄变化的原因。