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Miquel Llorente Marina Mosquera Miquel Fabré 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(1):183-197
Researchers have shown renewed interest in the study of manual lateralization in chimpanzees. Currently there is no consensus
confirming the presence or absence of manual dominance at a species level, mainly for populations in the wild and in semicaptivity.
We aimed to evaluate the manual laterality in a group of chimpanzees in an intermediate setting (semicaptivity) via 2 tasks:
one simple and unimanual (simple reaching) and the other complex and bimanual (tube task). We replicated the same experiments
from Hopkins in a new and different sample of chimpanzees. In simple reaching, the hand is used to gather food and the type
of grip and the posture are evaluated. The tube task assesses the hand used to extract food from the tube and the method of
extraction (digital or instrumental). Through the handedness index we observed that the subjects show clear and strong individual
preferences for both tasks (100% lateralized subjects in the tube task; 86% in simple reaching), although we did not detect
population preferences for any of the tasks. However, considering both tasks jointly (multiple evaluation), it was possible
to detect, for the first time, skilled manual dominance at a group level in semicaptive chimpanzees in one multitask index
and borderline significance in a second multitask index. 相似文献
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《Journal of biological education》2012,46(3):143-144
The objective of this naturalistic study was to explore, model and visualise the learning progress of 13-year-old students in the domain of evolution theory. Data were collected under actual classroom conditions and with a sample size of 107 learners, which followed a teaching unit on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Before and after the teaching sequence, the students wrote texts that explained an evolutionary phenomenon. Their explanations for evolutionary change were analysed and categorised into nine different patterns. Furthermore, we contrasted these explanation patterns with the corresponding scientific conceptions. This resulted in five conceptual frontiers, each of them marking one major learning task. The actual learning progress of the sample group was visualised as learning trajectories on a conceptual landscape. Our findings indicate that learning to explain evolution is a very individual process where the students depart from several distinct ideas and take different trajectories. The method of mapping a content-specific learning progress within a mental landscape may be advantageous for other domains of science teaching, too. 相似文献
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Recently, there has been an increased interest in modeling the association between aggregate disease counts and environmental exposures measured, for example via air pollution monitors, at point locations. This paper has two aims: first, we develop a model for such data in order to avoid ecological bias; second, we illustrate that modeling the exposure surface and estimating exposures may lead to bias in estimation of health effects. Design issues are also briefly considered, in particular the loss of information in moving from individual to ecological data, and the at-risk populations to consider in relation to the pollution monitor locations. The approach is investigated initially through simulations, and is then applied to a study of the association between mortality in those over 65 in the year 2000 and the previous year's SO2, in London. We conclude that the use of the proposed model can provide valid inference, but the use of estimated exposures should be carried out with great caution. 相似文献
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Maja Pantic 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2009,364(1535):3505-3513
This article introduces recent advances in the machine analysis of facial expressions. It describes the problem space, surveys the problem domain and examines the state of the art. Two recent research topics are discussed with particular attention: analysis of facial dynamics and analysis of naturalistic (spontaneously displayed) facial behaviour. Scientific and engineering challenges in the field in general, and in these specific subproblem areas in particular, are discussed and recommendations for accomplishing a better facial expression measurement technology are outlined. 相似文献
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Franz M. Wuketits 《Biology & philosophy》2001,16(2):171-188
Aside from his remarkable studies in psychology and the social sciences, Donald Thomas Campbell (1916–1996) made significant contributions to philosophy, particularly philosophy of science,epistemology, and ethics. His name and his work are inseparably linked with the evolutionary approach to explaining human knowledge (evolutionary epistemology). He was an indefatigable supporter of the naturalistic turn in philosophy and has strongly influenced the discussion of moral issues (evolutionary ethics). The aim of this paper is to briefly characterize Campbells work and to discuss its philosophical implications. In particular, I show its relevance to some current debates in the intersection of biology and philosophy. In fact, philosophy of biology would look poorer without Campbells influence. The present paper is not a hagiography but an attempt to evaluate and critically discuss the meaning of Campbells work for philosophy of biology and to encourage scholars working in this field to read and re-read this work which is both challenging and inspiring. 相似文献
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William A. Rottschaefer 《Biology & philosophy》1991,6(3):341-349
Robert Richards has presented a detailed defense of evolutionary ethics, a revised version of Darwin's views and a major modification of E. O. Wilson's. He contends that humans have evolved to seek the community welfare by acting altruistically. And since the community welfare is the highest moral good, humans ought to act altruistically. Richards asks us to take his empirical premises on faith and aims to show how they can justify an ethical conclusion. He identifies two necessary conditions for a naturalistic justification of morality (NJ): its premises (1) must be empirical and (2) concerned with morally relevant causal factors. I argue that these two conditions are insufficient. An NJ must also appeal to teleogical or teleonomic laws which identify proper effects and reliable causes of these effects. So I supplement biological faith with an NJ that I believe has a better chance of working since faith without works is dead. 相似文献
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