稻螟赤眼蜂田间自然繁殖利用研究

多年调查表明,稻螟赤眼蜂是我省多择性卵寄生天敌的优势种．同时发现．稻螟蛉卵可认为是水稻上几种主要害虫天敌的天然优良寄主．由于它的被寄生率高．天敌繁殖量大．控制后继害虫的功效显,所以在水稻生产上稻螟蛉实是益大于害的．在早稻害虫防治实践中．应该减少农药使用,或避开天敌活动期和早稻前期用药．以使世代短的天敌,在近期内迅速形成庞大的种群数量。控制相继发生的二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻苞虫的为害．可减少早稻用药1-2次．上述方案．无须人工生产天敌,即以田间自然繁殖保护天敌的新技术,所能达到稻田以虫治虫的功效．不亚于以往工业生产天敌的举措．实具有经济、生态和社会三方面的效益．     

鼎湖山自然林豆科固氮植物资源的调查研究

本文在调查鼎湖山自然林木本豆科植物结瘤固氮的基础上,参阅了国内外有关豆科植物结瘤固氮的主要文献,研究了鼎湖山自然林木本豆科植物的固氮资源。结果得出鼎湖山自然林中常见的木本豆科植物共有41种,其中乔木15种,灌木6种,木质藤本20种;有结瘤固氮特性的26种,其中乔木11种,灌木5种,木质藤本10种;经初步调查未见根瘤的6种,其中乔木2种,灌木1种,木质藤本3种;未调查的9种,其中乔木2种,木质藤本7种。本研究结果为鼎湖山木本豆科固氮植物资源的保护、管理和开发利用提供了科学论据,在理论和应用方面均有重要意义。     

厌氧氨氧化菌驱动脱氮途径的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化菌(anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AnAOB)的代谢多样性,使得该菌群能够在海洋、湿地和陆地等不同的自然生态系统中广泛分布,甚至在一些极热和极寒环境中也检测到了该菌群的存在。本文回顾并总结了厌氧氨氧化菌在不同生态系统中的发现、分布及脱氮贡献等方面的研究,分析了厌氧氨氧化菌分布的主要环境影响因素。该综述将帮助我们更好地理解全球氮循环中厌氧氨氧化菌的实际角色和功能,并基于厌氧氨氧化(anaerobicammoniaoxidation,anammox)过程,探究能与其进行协作的新型生物脱氮工艺,以期为这些工艺的研发和推广提供生态学基础和新的思考,从而实现脱氮工艺的技术变革。     

2001—2019年中国自然保护区生态环境质量时空变化特征及其驱动力

自然保护区对维护生物多样性,改善生态环境质量具有重要作用。然而,我国自然保护区生态环境质量变化及其对自然因素与人类活动的响应规律还不清晰,理解这些规律对我国的生态文明建设以及生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。基于2001—2019年中国历史高分辨率生态环境质量数据CHEQ数据集以及自然因素,利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验以及多元回归残差分析等方法,探究了2001—2019年中国自然保护区的生态环境质量时空变化特征及其对自然因素与人类活动驱动因素的响应。结果表明：(1)我国自然保护区的CHEQ指数呈现多阶段波动变化,总体呈小幅度下降趋势,平均趋势率为-0.54×10^-3/a;在空间上,中国自然保护区CHEQ变化趋势值呈“南高北低,东高西低”的分布格局;(2)自然因素与人类活动的共同作用是我国自然保护区生态环境质量恶化的主要原因,且恶化区域主要分布在自然保护区的实验区和缓冲区。其中自然因素对我国自然保护区生态环境质量变化的影响在-3×10^-3/a—0/a之间,人类活动的影响在-1×10^-3     

变化环境下火干扰研究进展

火是地球系统的重要过程,也是一种剧烈的环境干扰因素。火是生态系统变化的驱动力和催化剂,调节着生态系统的结构和功能,同时反馈给气候系统。近年来,世界多个国家相继爆发了历史上罕见的极端火事件,使得火干扰、气候变化和人类活动之间的相互作用关系得到了空前的关注。主要从3个方面回顾了变化环境下火干扰研究的进展,包括(1)火干扰的时空格局;(2)火干扰的驱动机制;(3)火干扰的生态效应。概括起来,遥感技术的发展使得火监测精度不断提高,对火时空格局的刻画由过去侧重火燃烧面积单一因素转向具有多重属性的火干扰体系。气候变化和人类活动共同决定着火干扰的分布格局、频率和强度,考虑气候的季节性能够提高火干扰的预测能力。火干扰调节着生态系统的草木平衡,对于生物多样性和生境的维持非常重要。此外,火干扰通过生物质燃烧释放的大量温室气体影响大气组成和空气质量,同时通过改变地表状况和陆-气相互作用来影响气候系统。正确理解气候-植被-火之间的相互作用和反馈机制有助于未来火干扰体系的预测。随着高温、大风、干旱等极端气候事件增多,未来全球大部分区域火发生的风险增加,但是人类活动可能会使火和气候之间的关系发生解耦。可持续的火管...     

2010-2019年不同海湾迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性变化对比研究

滨海湿地是迁徙水鸟的重要迁飞通道和主要栖息地,评估沿海迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性及变化态势能为栖息地的合理规划与管理提供科学参考,对迁徙水鸟的保护有重要意义。选择紧邻城市和乡村的深圳湾和雷州湾为研究区,在水鸟栖息地生态系统类型分类的基础上,通过层次分析法确定水鸟栖息地适宜性评价因子,设计栖息地、食物、水分、人类干扰条件及其子类的权重,对栖息地适宜性进行等级划分,分析比较2010-2019年迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性的时空分布差异,探索适宜性变化差异的原因并给出合理化建议。结果表明：（1）2010-2019年深圳湾有193.4 hm²强干扰区域转变化为中等及弱干扰;雷州湾有16.36 hm²的中等干扰转化为弱、无干扰;（2）深圳湾栖息地适宜性以中等适宜类型为主,2010年和2019年面积占比分别为83.74%和88.71%;雷州湾栖息地适宜性主要以较适宜和中等适宜类型为主,2010年面积占比为86.72%,2010-2019年面积占比基本不变,总体适宜性高于深圳湾。（3）2010-2019年,深圳湾不适宜和较适宜面积分别减少245.54 hm²和26.37 hm²,均转化为中等适宜类型;雷州湾有24.31 hm²的中等和较适宜栖息地转化为适宜类型。     

高原湖泊流域国土空间生态修复优先区诊断及修复研究

高原湖泊流域是高原地区人类活动的重要载体,兼具高生态价值和高脆弱性的特点。随着高原湖泊流域城市化和工业化发展加速,湖泊面积萎缩,污染加剧,流域生态环境受损严重,引发了一系列生态环境问题,如水土流失、水污染、湿地退化、生境质量下降等。亟需开展生态修复以平衡经济发展与生态环境保护之间关系,而基于整体保护与系统治理思维诊断并修复生态修复优先区,是科学有序推进国土空间生态保护与修复的重要抓手。基于此,研究以高原湖泊流域典型代表滇池流域为例,利用人类足迹和景观生态风险模型定量评估生态系统所受负向干扰,以最小累积阻力模型和电路理论构建流域生态网络;提取生态网络受负向干扰较高的关键区域为生态修复优先区并提出针对性修复措施。研究表明：(1)滇池流域人类干扰和生态风险整体较高,人类干扰整体呈核心—边缘递减的圈层式分布,中高生态风险占据了绝大部分区域。人类交通网络大幅扩展了人类干扰和生态风险的强度和深度;(2)区域生态网络呈典型湖泊生态网络特点,38条生态廊道呈放射状或环状分布,连通湖区、山区两大生态空间内共23块生态源地,保障区域生态安全;(3)研究共提取生态源地修复优先区73.83km²     

Genetic inference of orchid population dynamics on different-aged lava flows in Costa Rica

Colonization is a fundamental ecological process that is important for the persistence of species, particularly when a changing environment necessitates range shifts. Vacant habitats available for colonization often arise from landscape disturbance. Colonization and population expansion processes can be inferred by examining the levels and spatial distribution of genetic variation of plant populations with known disturbance histories. Samples (N = 690) of the terrestrial orchid, Epidendrum radicans, were collected from five lava flow sites on the slopes of Volcán Arenal in Costa Rica that last experienced major eruptions in 1968 and 1992. Individuals were also sampled (N = 188) from four regional populations. Samples were characterized using 15 nuclear genetic markers and analyzed using population genetics statistics. Genetic diversity within sites was moderate (H_e = 0.092–0.192). Contrary to expectation, diversity tended to be lower on the older lava flows (0.131 vs. 0.172) which may reflect their more sheltered topography that restricted pollen/seed immigration, and/or greater intra- and interspecific competition. Genetic diversity measures indicate that the lava flows were colonized by numerous individuals that likely originated from multiple sources while spatial genetic structure (SGS) statistics indicate that most recruitment in the study sites subsequent to colonization resulted from in situ reproduction and localized seed deposition. Younger sites had significantly greater SGS over larger distances which reflects fewer reproductive events, and less spatial and temporal overlap of seed shadows relative to the older sites. Clones were also generally smaller on the younger sites (≤3 m vs. ≤8 m).     

Disturbance-dependent Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis) predation on Larid chicks decreases with chick age

Predation is one of the key factors shaping the dynamics of animal populations. In birds, nest loss due to predation can be a significant cause of low reproductive success. Ground-nesting birds are among the bird groups most susceptible to predation, mainly because their nests are easily accessible to a broad suite of potential predators. For these birds, anthropogenic disturbances can generate changes in nest predation risk by altering their antipredator behaviour and also by altering the behaviour of the predator species, i.e. the predator becoming much more aware of predation opportunities due to frequent disturbances and/or motivated to repeat predation attempts when some are successful. To date, most previous studies investigating this have focused on a single effect, either predation or disturbance, on chick survival. It remains unknown how the risk of predation with and without disturbance varies with chick age. In this study, we used behavioural observations to assess how the interaction between predators and disturbance affects predation risk in chicks and how this interacts with chick age. Specifically, we investigated the effect of disturbance caused by humans and stray dogs on the predation of Slender-billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei chicks by Yellow-legged Gulls Larus michahellis, and whether this depended on the age of the chicks. Our results revealed that disturbance had a significant positive effect on predation measures of Slender-billed Gull chicks by Yellow-legged Gulls, but that this effect was mediated both by disturbance type and the age of chicks. Stray dogs entering the colony had a stronger disturbance effect on chicks than passing humans, increasing predation risk by Yellow-legged Gulls. Our results also showed that chick age interacts with disturbance type to determine the predation risk. This is probably mediated by chicks' capacity to escape predation by gathering in a single large crèche that runs into the water when disturbed. To preserve Slender-billed Gull colonies in one of its few remaining breeding sites in Tunisia, and as gulls tend to react even when the disturbance occurs relatively far from the colonies, it is crucial to (1) restrict human access to dikes and islets where large colonies breed and (2) construct artificial islets attractive to gulls and inaccessible to stray dogs.     

Reaction intensification for biocatalytic production of polyphenolic natural product di-C-β-glucosides

Polyphenolic aglycones featuring two sugars individually attached via C-glycosidic linkage (di-C-glycosides) represent a rare class of plant natural products with unique physicochemical properties and biological activities. Natural scarcity of such di-C-glycosides limits their use-inspired exploration as pharmaceutical ingredients. Here, we show a biocatalytic process technology for reaction-intensified production of the di-C-β-glucosides of two representative phenol substrates, phloretin (a natural flavonoid) and phenyl-trihydroxyacetophenone (a phenolic synthon for synthesis), from sucrose. The synthesis proceeds via an iterative two-fold C-glycosylation of the respective aglycone, supplied as inclusion complex with 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin for enhanced water solubility of up to 50 mmol/L, catalyzed by a kumquat di-C-glycosyltransferase (di-CGT), and it uses UDP-Glc provided in situ from sucrose by a soybean sucrose synthase, with catalytic amounts (≤3 mol%) of UDP added. Time course analysis reveals the second C-glycosylation as rate-limiting (0.4–0.5 mmol/L/min) for the di-C-glucoside production. With internal supply from sucrose keeping the UDP-Glc at a constant steady-state concentration (≥50% of the UDP added) during the reaction, the di-C-glycosylation is driven to completion (≥95% yield). Contrary to the mono-C-glucoside intermediate which is stable, the di-C-glucoside requires the addition of reducing agent (10 mmol/L 2-mercaptoethanol) to prevent its decomposition during the synthesis. Both di-C-glucosides are isolated from the reaction mixtures in excellent purity (≥95%), and their expected structures are confirmed by NMR. Collectively, this study demonstrates efficient glycosyltransferase cascade reaction for flexible use in natural product di-C-β-glucoside synthesis from expedient substrates.