不同生境条件下滨海芦苇湿地C、N、P化学计量特征

为阐明不同生境对黄河三角洲滨海芦苇湿地土壤和植物碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征的影响,选取新生湿地和退耕湿地两种湿地类型为研究对象,对土壤和植物体C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征进行研究。研究表明:1)退耕芦苇湿地土壤TC、TN的含量明显增加,TP的含量变化不大。2)新生湿地和退耕湿地土壤R_(C、N、P)分别为42.6:1.6:1、71.2:2.0:1,R_(NP)低于全球平均水平(13.1)和我国平均水平(5.2),土壤表现为N限制。新生湿地土壤剖面中,R_(CN)和R_(CP)变化剧烈;R_(NP)值随深度的增加而减小;退耕湿地土壤R_(C、N、P)值规律性较好,R_(CN)随深度的增加而变大,R_(CP)和R_(NP)值随深度的增加而减小。3)新生湿地和退耕湿地中芦苇整株R_(CN)、R_(CP)和R_(NP)平均值分别为78.2、1753、22.4;67.0、1539、23.0。开垦活动可以降低芦苇植物体R_(CN)和R_(CP)值,但由于芦苇植物体本身对R_(NP)的约束性较高,对R_(NP)值的影响不大,芦苇植株R_(NP)约为23。以上结论可以为黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区正在进行的湿地保护与恢复工作提供借鉴和参考。     

Understory vegetation as an indicator for floodplain forest restoration in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley,U.S.A.

In the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MAV), complete alteration of river‐floodplain hydrology allowed for widespread conversion of forested bottomlands to intensive agriculture, resulting in nearly 80% forest loss. Governmental programs have attempted to restore forest habitat and functions within this altered landscape by the methods of tree planting (afforestation) and local hydrologic enhancement on reclaimed croplands. Early assessments identified factors that influenced whether planting plus tree colonization could establish an overstory community similar to natural bottomland forests. The extent to which afforested sites develop typical understory vegetation has not been evaluated, yet understory composition may be indicative of restored site conditions. As part of a broad study quantifying the ecosystem services gained from restoration efforts, understory vegetation was compared between 37 afforested sites and 26 mature forest sites. Differences in vegetation attributes for species growth forms, wetland indicator classes, and native status were tested with univariate analyses; floristic composition data were analyzed by multivariate techniques. Understory vegetation of restoration sites was generally hydrophytic, but species composition differed from that of mature bottomland forest because of young successional age and differing responses of plant growth forms. Attribute and floristic variation among restoration sites was related to variation in canopy development and local wetness conditions, which in turn reflected both intrinsic site features and outcomes of restoration practices. Thus, understory vegetation is a useful indicator of functional progress in floodplain forest restoration.     

中国内陆湿地生态系统服务价值评估——以71个湿地案例点为数据源

湿地生态系统为人类生存和发展提供了多种服务功能,不仅包括水资源、水产品等直接输出功能,还包括调蓄洪水、净化水质、调节大气成分等调节服务功能和文化服务功能。通过对已经发表湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价相关的文献进行搜集和整理,得到全国71个湿地案例点的价值评价数据,在此基础上对湿地生态系统各项服务功能在全国各区域的生态系统价值量进行对比分析。全国湿地价值评价结果显示,按照各项服务功能按照价值量高低排序依次为调节气候调蓄洪水涵养水源净化水质保持土壤产品输出固碳释氧生物栖息地旅游休闲科研教育。在对全国湿地进行分区分析得知,东北平原及山区、东部地区和青藏高原地区在各项调节、供给服务功能方面发挥着显著的积极作用,这3个区域同时也是我国湿地的密集分布区。结合不同地理分区下的湿地生态系统服务功能价值量特点,可以实现区域发展与湿地生态环境研究的协同发展,并能够为湿地的保护和建设起到科学、合理的参考方案。     

滇西北高原湿地景观变化与人为、自然因子的相关性

人为活动的干扰与自然因子的变化共同作用于湿地生态系统,但两者对湿地生态系统作用的贡献率存在差异,目前尚缺乏进一步的研究。本研究基于面向对象分割和目视解译相结合的技术方法,研究了滇西北高原典型湿地纳帕海汇水区内28年来(1987—2015年)的湿地类型、分布及其空间格局的变化特征,并探讨其与当地人为活动的干扰(主要社会经济发展指标)、自然因子(主要气候因子)之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)湿地总面积共计减少2456.46 hm~2,其中,原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸面积分别减少了1152.07,1257.72,202.74 hm~2,湖泊面积增加了156.07 hm~2;(2)湿地景观多样性发生显著变化,其中,斑块数量(NP)由1987年的221增加到2005年的299,随后减少到2015年的260;香农多样性指数(SHDI)由1987年的1.81增加到1999年的1.84,随后减少到2015年的1.75;聚集度指数(contagion index)由1987年的52.82减少到1999年的52.02,随后增加到2015年的53.49;(3)湿地分布面积和香农多样性指数与第一、二、三产业值,以及年均温度呈负相关,与降水量呈正相关;斑块数量、聚集度指数均与第一、二、三产业值,以及年均温度呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关;(4)社会经济发展主要指标对湿地面积和景观多样性指数变化的解释度为63.50%,气候因子对其的解释度为36.50%。整体上,人为活动的干扰是导致该区域湿地不断萎缩、景观多样性改变的关键驱动力。减缓人为活动对湿地生态系统的过度影响,是当地保护湿地资源、维护湿地生态功能的关键。     

Carbon accumulation and vertical accretion in a restored versus historic salt marsh in southern Puget Sound,Washington, United States

Few comparisons exist between vertical accretion (VA) and carbon accumulation rates (CARs) in restored versus historic (i.e. reference) marshes. Here, we compare these processes in a formerly diked, sparsely vegetated, restored salt marsh (Six Gill Slough, SG), whose surface is subsided relative to the tidal frame, to an adjacent, relatively pristine, historic salt marsh (Animal Slough, AS). Six sediment cores were collected at both AS and SG approximately 6 years after restoration. Cores were analyzed for bulk density (BD), % loss of ignition, % organic carbon, and ²¹⁰Pb. We found that sharp changes in BD in surface layers of SG cores were highly reliable markers for the onset of restoration. The mean VA since restoration at SG (0.79 [SD = 0.29] cm/year) was approximately twice that of AS (0.41 [SD = 0.16] cm/year). In comparison, the VA at AS over 50 years was 0.30 (SD = 0.09) cm/year. VA consisted almost entirely of inorganic sediment at SG whereas at AS it was approximately 55%. Mean CARs at SG were somewhat greater than at AS, but the difference was not significant due to high variability (SG: 81–210 g C m^?2 year^?1; AS: 115–168 g C m^?2 year^?1). The mean CAR at AS over the past 50 years was 118 (SD = 23) g C m^?2 year^?1. This study demonstrates that a sparsely vegetated, restored salt marsh can quickly begin to accumulate carbon and that historic and restored marshes can have similar CARs despite highly divergent formation processes.     

Red mud (RM)-Induced enhancement of iron plaque formation reduces arsenic and metal accumulation in two wetland plant species

Human activities have resulted in arsenic (As) and heavy metals accumulation in paddy soils in China. Phytoremediation has been suggested as an effective and low-cost method to clean up contaminated soils. A combined soil-sand pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of red mud (RM) supply on iron plaque formation and As and heavy metal accumulation in two wetland plant species (Cyperus alternifolius Rottb., Echinodorus amazonicus Rataj), using As and heavy metals polluted paddy soil combined with three rates of RM application (0, 2%, 5%). The results showed that RM supply significantly decreased As and heavy metals accumulation in shoots of the two plants due to the decrease of As and heavy metal availability and the enhancement of the formation of iron plaque on the root surface and in the rhizosphere. Both wetland plants supplied with RM tended to have more Fe plaque, higher As and heavy metals on roots and in their rhizospheres, and were more tolerant of As and heavy metal toxicity. The results suggest that RM-induced enhancement of the formation of iron plaque on the root surface and in the rhizosphere of wetland plants may be significant for remediation of soils contaminated with As and heavy metals.     

鄱阳湖区湿地生态功能衰退分析及其恢复对策探讨

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖 ,其冲积平原辐射江西省 2 9个县 (市、区 ) ,是江西省最大的农业生产基地、水域用地、城乡非农建设用地区和我国南方的主要粮仓之一。和其它区域湿地一样 ,鄱阳湖区湿地资源在蓄洪防旱、调节气候、控制土壤侵蚀、促淤造地、降解环境污染物等方面起着极其重要的作用。湿地资源是否得到合理利用与管理 ,将直接影响着鄱阳湖地区乃至整个江西省社会经济的可持续发展 ,然而由于湿地资源的不合理利用或管理不善 ,而引起气候调节功能下降、调蓄功能减退、生物资源衰退等生态问题的现象较为严重 ,已成为江西省可持续发展的…     

Exploring the global decline of music education

This article seeks to explain the disjuncture between the decline of music education in schools and the importance music has in popular youth culture and in creativity within the new knowledge economy. The data discussed in this article have been derived from analyses of major documents on curriculum reform as well as e-mail responses from music educators around the world. This analysis reveals that these music educators agree with the perception of a demise in music education around the world, as well as the significance of the disjuncture alluded to. The four major reasons found for the decline in music education are: (1) the model of curriculum supported in educational reforms; (2) an emphasis on standardized evaluation; (3) less resources available; and (4) a wrong approach on music advocacy.     

人工湿地运行过程中有机物质的积累

研究了杭州西湖边人工湿地污水净化生态工程经一年多运行后有机质的积累情况,同时测定了基质的孔隙度和水力传导性,结果表明,人工湿地在运行一年后总有机质积累达到0.658kg/m^2,60%有机质积累主要在0-100mm。湿地上,下池有机质积累有明显差异。且随着基质中的深度和离入水口的距离都呈下降趋势。两池中下层孔隙度均高于上层,并存在显著差异。有机质积累对水力传导性和净化效果均有一定影响,可通过定期收割植物和清除枯落物来维持湿地的长期运作能力。     

基于GIS与多目标区位配置模型的沈阳市公园选址

结合地理信息系统(GIS)与多目标区位配置模型(LA),综合考虑4个相对独立的目标因子(人口密度等级、空气污染等级、城市热岛效应等级、土地利用格局)对沈阳市三环内城市公园进行优化选址,并将优化结果与公园现状空间分布进行比较,以评价城市公园空间布局的合理性.结果表明： 与其他因子相比,空气污染因子对研究区城市绿地的选址具有重要影响.与单目标因子相比,多目标综合加权分析的结果能够合理地为城市绿地提供优化的空间选址.GIS与LA相结合的方法为城市绿地的空间优化提供了新思路.