若尔盖高寒湿地干湿土壤条件下微生物群落结构特征

土壤水分含量的空间异质性是引起湿地生态系统结构和功能空间变异的关键因素。目前有关低纬度高寒湿地土壤水分对微生物群落结构影响的研究较少。于2007年4月(冷季)和8月(暖季)采集若尔盖高寒湿地常年淹水和无淹水两种水分条件的土壤样品,利用磷脂脂肪酸方法分析其微生物群落结构。结果表明,土壤微生物总生物量、细菌生物量、革兰氏阳性细菌及革兰氏阴性细菌生物量均表现为常年淹水土壤高于无淹水土壤,且4月份高于8月份;与土壤通气量关系密切的真菌、放线菌,其生物量表现为无淹水土壤显著高于常年淹水土壤;反映群落组成的真菌:细菌磷脂脂肪酸比值也表现为无淹水土壤显著高于常年淹水土壤。磷脂脂肪酸的主成分分析表明,水分条件不同的两种土壤中微生物群落结构显著不同,季节变化并未引起土壤微生物群落结构的改变。     

人工湿地对胡子鲇养殖水体循环净化的研究

以大型观光植物美人蕉-砾石为基础的垂直流人工湿地对胡子鲇养殖水体进行净化处理和回流使用,在胡子鲇养殖中测定了水体主要水质指标的变化,表明人工湿地对养殖水体净化效果显著,养殖期间BOD5、COD、TN的平均去除率分别为81.77%、55.55%和65%,净化后水质部分符合渔业用水标准,可以循环利用.对照池水体由于BOD5、COD、TN得不到去除而持续增加,混浊度显著高于实验池,并出现水华.这种水体循环养殖模式具结构简单和易推广等优点.     

湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系Ⅰ.理论

湿地生态系统健康是一个新的研究领域。主要从湿地生态系统指标的概念出发,阐述了选择生态系统指标的基本理论,分析了湿地生态特征指标体系,湿地功能整合性指标体系和湿地社会政治环境指标体系所包含的基本内涵,特别强调了生态系统结构和内在功能是生态特征的主要表现。功能整合性是湿地生态系统健康的外在表现,同时,社会政治环境因素中,政策法规,总体规划,政策保障,公众参与程度,代际周期的社会公平性,个人接受能力,团体接受能力等是影响湿地生态系统健康的重要因素。     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地景观规划各预案对指示物种生境适宜性的影响

运用景观生态决策与评价支持系统（LEDESS）对辽河三角洲的3个景观规划预案,即湿地调整,生境管理和农业开发可能导致的地表覆盖物,自然生态单元等立地环境以及保护物种生境适宜性等区域生态后果进行了评估,并与现状进行了对比,模拟结果表明,预案A通过湿地调整措施不仅补偿了芦苇湿地的损失,还将部分不适宜生境和边境生境转变核心生境,相当程度上优化了保护物种丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥的生境质量,预案B通过一系列生境管理措施,减轻了生境破碎化因素的影响,从而也显著改善了丹顶鹤生境质量,对黑嘴鸥生境质量也有一定改善,预宁C大规模农业开发如能控制一定规模（8000hm2)并采取一定合理模式（滚动开发）,能相当程度上减轻农业开发对物种生境的影响,即使不采取生境补偿措施,对丹顶鹤,黑嘴鸥核心生境也不会有破坏性的影响,模拟结果还表明,区域人类活动导致的生境破碎化是对丹顶鹤生境质量重要的干扰因子,而滩涂农业开发和水产养殖强烈地干扰了涂植被正常的演替过程,从而影响着黑嘴鸥等滩涂鸟类的生境适宜性。     

自然湿地土壤产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌多样性的分子检测

自然湿地是CH4排放的重要来源之一。产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌是介导自然湿地甲烷循环的重要功能菌群。开展产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌多样性的检测研究有助于揭示微生物介导的甲烷循环以及自然湿地甲烷排放的时空异质性。传统基于培养的检测方法已被证实无法充分描述产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的多样性,而分子检测方法为自然湿地土壤产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的多样性检测提供了一种更准确和科学的工具。本文综述了自然湿地土壤产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的定性和定量分子检测方法,包括末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）、变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）、荧光原位杂交（FISH）和实时定量PCR（real-time qPCR）,重点分析了分子检测中两类重要的标记基因,总结了不同类型自然湿地产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落多样性的最新成果,提出了我国在该领域今后应深入研究探讨的一些问题及建议。     

Exploring the global decline of music education

This article seeks to explain the disjuncture between the decline of music education in schools and the importance music has in popular youth culture and in creativity within the new knowledge economy. The data discussed in this article have been derived from analyses of major documents on curriculum reform as well as e-mail responses from music educators around the world. This analysis reveals that these music educators agree with the perception of a demise in music education around the world, as well as the significance of the disjuncture alluded to. The four major reasons found for the decline in music education are: (1) the model of curriculum supported in educational reforms; (2) an emphasis on standardized evaluation; (3) less resources available; and (4) a wrong approach on music advocacy.     

Selecting agri-environmental indicators for monitoring and assessment of environmental management in the example of landscape parks in Poland

The objective of this article is to assess the condition of and hazards to the natural environment in selected landscape parks in Poland with respect to the impact of agricultural management using the DPSIR method. Our proposed set of indicators, based on generally available and applicable data, shows at the local scale, in a simple way, the condition of functioning of the balance between the natural environment and agricultural management and it assesses the level of repair works in the context of the records of the environmental protection program. The highest negative impact of agricultural management in the areas studied is noticed in the soil environment as well as the contexts of biodiversity and landscape. On the other hand, the lowest influence of agricultural economy was noted in the cases of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The results of the aggregated indicators also showed lower or higher dependencies between the coverage and the use of the area in landscape parks and the condition of particular elements of the environment and the landscape.     

Evaluation of phosphorus distribution and bioavailability in sediments of a subtropical wetland reserve in southeast China

The phosphorus (P) fractions and bioavailable P in the sediments from the Quanzhou Bay Estuarine Wetland Nature Reserve were investigated using chemical extraction methods for the first time to study the distribution and bioavailability of P in the reserve sediments. A hypothesis was presented suggesting that the bioavailable P in the sediments could be evaluated using the P fractions. The total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), organic phosphorus (OP), non-apatite phosphorus (NAIP), and apatite phosphorus (AP) contents in the sediments were in the ranges of 303.87–761.59 mg kg⁻¹, 201.22–577.66 mg kg⁻¹, 75.83–179.16 mg kg⁻¹, 28.86–277.90 mg kg⁻¹, and 127.36–289.94 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The water soluble phosphorus (WSP), readily desorbable phosphorus (RDP), algal available phosphorus (AAP), and NaHCO₃ extractable phosphorus (Olsen-P) contents in the sediments were in the ranges of 0.58–357.17 mg kg⁻¹, 80.77–586.75 mg kg⁻¹, 1.09–24.12 mg kg⁻¹, and 54.96–676.82 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The correlation analysis results showed that the NAIP was the major component of the bioavailable P and that the impact of the AP on the bioavailable phosphorus may be minimal. Due to the low TP content in the sediments of the Quanzhou Bay Estuarine Wetland Nature Reserve, the potential pollution risks of P in the sediments may not be very high. The results also show that the bioavailable P concentrations in the sediments of the Quanzhou Bay Estuarine Wetland Nature Reserve could not be evaluated by measuring the P fractions and that the hypothesis was untenable.     

三江平原湿地开垦对土壤氨基糖积累特征的影响

微生物残体在土壤有机质的形成和稳定过程中发挥着重要作用,但湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响尚不清楚.本研究以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,采集原始自然湿地和开垦改种豆科作物后不同耕作年限(5年、10年和25年)的土壤,以氨基糖为微生物残体的标识物,探讨湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响.结果 表明:自然湿地开垦为...