过氧化氢缓解裸燕麦幼苗低温胁迫的主成分和隶属函数分析

为探明信号分子过氧化氢（H₂O₂）提高裸燕麦幼苗耐冷性的作用,以‘定莜6号’沙培幼苗为材料,在3叶期喷施10 μmol·L^-1 H₂O₂ 12 h后于8℃/5℃（昼/夜）条件下低温胁迫,以喷蒸馏水（H₂O）为对照,分别在低温处理的0、1、2、3、4、5 d取幼苗叶片测定超氧阴离子（O₂^-·）、H₂O₂、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、抗坏血酸（AsA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、可溶性糖（SS）、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性蛋白质（SP）和热稳定性蛋白质（HSP）13项与耐冷性有关的生理指标及低温处理5 d后植株株高和生物量增量,采用主成分和隶属函数分析综合评价H₂O₂对裸燕麦幼苗耐冷性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,喷施H₂O₂显著提高了低温胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗株高和生物量增量,降低了裸燕麦幼苗叶片O₂^-·和MDA及低温胁迫2~5 d的H₂O₂含量,促进低温胁迫期间裸燕麦幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性提高及AsA、GSH、SS、Pro、SP和HSP积累。主成分分析13项生理指标离差标准化数据,提取的前4个主成分累积方差贡献率达85.6%;隶属函数综合评价4个主成分得分值显示,喷施H₂O₂显著提高了低温胁迫0~5 d的综合评价值。表明喷施H₂O₂能够通过调控生理生化代谢提高裸燕麦幼苗的耐冷性。     

水稻Act1启动子融合的bar基因在转基因燕麦T_3代中的表达

以微弹轰击法转化获得的含bar基因燕麦T3代为材料 ,运用Northernblot方法研究了bar基因在燕麦的不同生育阶段、不同叶位、以及Challenge(0 .2 0 % )处理后不同时间的叶片中mRNA水平的变化。结果表明 ,外源bar基因在燕麦的不同生育阶段、不同叶位、以及除草剂处理后转录水平没有明显差异。由于除草剂喷涂后 ,植株体内氨含量的变化能够反映bar基因编码的PAT酶活性的变化 ,因而测定了Challenge处理后不同时间、不同部位的叶片中氨含量的变化情况。结果发现 ,含bar基因的燕麦植株体内氨含量在除草剂处理后不同时间和不同部位都没有显著的变化 ,而对照植株体内氨的含量在除草剂处理后能迅速上升。这表明 ,含bar基因的燕麦植株体内由于PAT酶的稳定表达 ,而使氨的含量维持在较低水平。从转录和翻译两个层次上反映了水稻Act1启动子融合的bar基因在转基因燕麦T3 中能够稳定表达 ,且表达水平不受叶位和除草剂的影响     

New colony formation in the "highly inbred" eusocial naked mole-rat: outbreeding is preferred

If the adaptive significance of sexual reproduction derivesfrom genetic recombination, then sexual organisms that severelyinbreed minimize the benefits of sexuality without fully escapingits costs. Local populations of the eusocial naked mole-ratare extremely genetically uniform, and colonies have the highestinbreeding coefficient known for wild mammals. Because non-breedingworkers cooperate to rear the queen's offspring, researchershave speculated that the inclusive fitness benefits of closerelatedness outweigh the benefits of genetic recombination,thus leading to the adaptive avoidance of outbreeding. However,I show that in laboratory colonies in which each individualhad an equal number of familiar siblings and unfamiliar distantkin (UDK) as potential mates, mating pairs were significantlymore likely to consist of UDK. Some form of kin recognitionmust have been used in order for this pattern to result. Aggressionwas not mitigated by relatedness, however, as both fightingand cooperation occurred as frequently between siblings as betweenUDK. By studying the early stages of colony development I wasable to investigate correlations between physical characteristicsof workers and success in attaining breeding status. I alsoobserved allonursing, hitherto unseen in this species, and suggestthat it is less likely to occur later in colony development.     

燕麦基因组学研究进展

燕麦具有较高的营养价值和保健功能,是一种可用于均衡营养、科学饮食的健康食品,正逐渐受到人们的青睐和认可.基因组学研究有助于燕麦重要农艺性状的定位和克隆,对开发利用燕麦优质种质资源具有重要意义.本文从以下几个方面对燕麦基因组学研究进展进行综述:(1)燕麦属基因组类型、大小及染色体倍性研究;(2)基于多种分子标记手段构建燕...     

燕麦对松嫩草地三种主要盐分胁迫的生理适应策略

为明确燕麦幼苗对松嫩盐碱草地3种主要盐分Na Cl、Na HCO_3和Na_2CO_3的适应机制,设定不同浓度梯度(48—144 mmol/L)的胁迫处理液,测定燕麦幼苗的生长与生理指标变化。结果表明,尽管试验设定的Na Cl浓度并不影响幼苗的存活率,但在各组胁迫处理下,随着浓度的增加,燕麦幼苗的分蘖数、植株高度、茎叶与根系的生物量均呈下降趋势,下降幅度为Na_2CO_3Na HCO_3Na Cl。另外,与Na Cl胁迫相比,Na_2CO_3与Na HCO_3胁迫下茎叶与根中积累了更多的有毒Na~+,同时K~+下降幅度也更大,并且根系中含有更高的Na~+与更低的K~+以及更高的Na~+/K~+。在Na Cl胁迫下,燕麦幼苗积累大量的无机Cl~-和脯氨酸来维持细胞内的渗透与离子平衡,而Na HCO_3与Na_2CO_3胁迫造成了燕麦幼苗体内阴离子的亏缺,此时幼苗主要通过积累大量的有机酸和更多的脯氨酸来维持渗透与离子平衡。上述结果表明,碱性盐Na_2CO_3与Na HCO_3对植物的胁迫伤害程度大于中性盐Na Cl,并且Na_2CO_3的毒害效应最强,而燕麦幼苗对不同的盐分胁迫伤害也有会产生不同的生理适应策略。     

锶污染下燕麦对土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了评价燕麦对金属锶(Sr)污染土壤的修复效果,通过土培盆栽试验,在土壤中添加Sr,共设置6个处理:25 mg/kg Sr(CK)、100 mg/kg Sr(L)、250 mg/kg Sr(H)、25 mg/kg Sr+燕麦(CK+燕麦)、100 mg/kg Sr+燕麦(L+燕麦)和250 mg/kg Sr+燕麦(H+燕麦)。从土壤酶(转化酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和脱氢酶)活性和土壤微生物群落功能多样性来评价燕麦在锶污染土壤植物修复中的作用。结果表明:燕麦显著提高了脲酶和脱氢酶活性。燕麦显著提高了锶污染土壤微生物对31种碳源的平均利用率(AWCD),并提高了锶污染土壤条件下微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数(H)、Shannon均匀度指数(E)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S),降低了Shannon优势度指数(D)。主成分分析表明种植燕麦显著增加了锶污染土壤中微生物群落功能多样性。与未种植处理(L和H)相比,L+燕麦处理中羧酸类碳源和聚合物类碳源的利用率分别增加了19%和31%,H+燕麦处理中羧酸类碳源和聚合物类碳源的利用率分别增加了24%和41%。因此,在锶污染土壤中,燕麦显著提高了土壤酶活性,改善了微生物功能多样性。     

Si在燕麦籽粒中的富集及其与其它8种元素的关系

通过环境扫描电镜结合X射线电子探针显微分析技术,对22个基因型的燕麦籽粒皮层、糊粉层、近糊粉层和颖果中部的Si含量进行测定.结果表明,Si元素在燕麦籽粒不同部位的含量有明显差异,皮层和糊粉层Si含量较高,近糊粉层和颖果中部含量较低,在颖果中Si主要富集在糊粉层中;而且不同基因型燕麦籽粒同一部位或不同部位Si的积累量也有较大差异,这可能是由遗传差异引起的.糊粉层中的Si含量影响着近糊粉层和颖果中部的Si含量.另外,籽粒不同部位Si含量与P、Ca、Mg、S、Al、Pb含量之间存在显著或极显著的非线性关系,颖果中部的Si含量与K、Cd含量之间不存在显著的非线性关系.说明Si在燕麦籽粒中富集的同时也影响着P、Ca、Mg、S、Al、Pb等元素的富集.     

Herbicide resistance-endowing ACCase gene mutations in hexaploid wild oat (Avena fatua): insights into resistance evolution in a hexaploid species

Many herbicide-resistant weed species are polyploids, but far too little about the evolution of resistance mutations in polyploids is understood. Hexaploid wild oat (Avena fatua) is a global crop weed and many populations have evolved herbicide resistance. We studied plastidic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicide resistance in hexaploid wild oat and revealed that resistant individuals can express one, two or three different plastidic ACCase gene resistance mutations (Ile-1781-Leu, Asp-2078-Gly and Cys-2088-Arg). Using ACCase resistance mutations as molecular markers, combined with genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches, we found in individual resistant wild-oat plants that (1) up to three unlinked ACCase gene loci assort independently following Mendelian laws for disomic inheritance, (2) all three of these homoeologous ACCase genes were transcribed, with each able to carry its own mutation and (3) in a hexaploid background, each individual ACCase resistance mutation confers relatively low-level herbicide resistance, in contrast to high-level resistance conferred by the same mutations in unrelated diploid weed species of the Poaceae (grass) family. Low resistance conferred by individual ACCase resistance mutations is likely due to a dilution effect by susceptible ACCase expressed by homoeologs in hexaploid wild oat and/or differential expression of homoeologous ACCase gene copies. Thus, polyploidy in hexaploid wild oat may slow resistance evolution. Evidence of coexisting non-target-site resistance mechanisms among wild-oat populations was also revealed. In all, these results demonstrate that herbicide resistance and its evolution can be more complex in hexaploid wild oat than in unrelated diploid grass weeds. Our data provide a starting point for the daunting task of understanding resistance evolution in polyploids.     

Effect of mineral oils on host plant selection and probing behavior of Rhopalosiphum padi

Aphids that colonize and reproduce on potato are some of the most efficient vectors of Potato virus Y (PVY) (Potyviridae: Potyvirus), and hence these aphids have been the focus of the majority of studies to date. However, other non‐colonizing aphids can also function as vectors. Mineral oil is the only product available to growers that effectively prevents the spread of PVY in potato seed production. Most previous studies focused on the effect of mineral oil on the behavior of aphids on their preferential host plant, and consequently there is a lack of information for non‐colonizing aphids on potato plants. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of spraying potatoes with one of two mineral oils, Superior 70 or Vazyl‐Y, on host selection and probing behavior of the non‐colonizing aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, combined with ethological observations, determined that there was no difference in R. padi behavior on potato plants treated with Superior 70. However, there were few significant changes in R. padi behavior on plants sprayed with Vazyl‐Y, including a delay in the initiation of stylet penetration and an increase in the duration of xylem sap ingestion. These new data support previous results and confirm that the mode of action of mineral oil in the reduction of the spread of PVY is not solely due to the modification of the behavior of aphids.