大渡河中游干暖河谷区生境对植物群落分布格局和多样性的影响

大渡河中游干暖河谷区滑坡和泥石流灾害频发, 对该区域坡面植物群落的研究有助于揭示植被演替的方向, 为坡面植被生态恢复提供基本依据。本研究沿大渡河中游河谷区每隔约5 km设置典型样地, 调查了植被的物种组成和分布以及样地的地形、土壤等10个生境因子, 探讨河谷区植被的连续性变化, 并通过多元回归树(multivariate regression trees, MRT)、多样性指数和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)等方法对植物群落进行分类、比较和排序。结果表明: 大渡河中游干暖河谷植被以土壤碳含量、pH值和C : N等3个因子为节点, 可划分为多花胡枝子(Lespedeza floribunda)-荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)-香薷(Elsholtzia ciliate)(群落A)、地果(Ficus tikoua)-车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)-川滇薹草(Carex schneideri)(群落B)、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)-栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)(群落C)和荩草-扭黄茅(Heteropogon contortus)(群落D)等4种群落。该区域以灌木和草本为主要植被类型(群落A、B、C), 间或有裸地分布, 易成为泥石流灾害产生的物源区; 以多花胡枝子为主的灌草群落A的物种丰富度、优势度与多样性表现一致, 均高于以乔木和草本为主的群落C和D, 但物种多样性优势并不显著, 灌草群落分布广而结构单一, 外来物种占比为8.33%, 是生态系统脆弱和不稳定的表现。多元回归树和典范对应分析结果表明, pH值、C : N、坡向和土壤容重等4个因子对植物群落组成和分布影响最大, 且土壤因子的影响大于地形因子。     

The use and misuse of regression models in landscape genetic analyses

The field of landscape genetics has been rapidly evolving, adopting and adapting analytical frameworks to address research questions. Current studies are increasingly using regression‐based frameworks to infer the individual contributions of landscape and habitat variables on genetic differentiation. This paper outlines appropriate and inappropriate uses of multiple regression for these purposes, and demonstrates through simulation the limitations of different analytical frameworks for making correct inference. Of particular concern are recent studies seeking to explain genetic differences by fitting regression models with effective distance variables calculated independently on separate landscape resistance surfaces. When moving across the landscape, organisms cannot respond independently and uniquely to habitat and landscape features. Analyses seeking to understand how landscape features affect gene flow should model a single conductance or resistance surface as a parameterized function of relevant spatial covariates, and estimate the values of these parameters by linking a single set of resistance distances to observed genetic dissimilarity via a loss function. While this loss function may involve a regression‐like step, the associated nuisance parameters are not interpretable in terms of organismal movement and should not be conflated with what is actually of interest: the mapping between spatial covariates and conductance/resistance. The growth and evolution of landscape genetics as a field has been rapid and exciting. It is the goal of this paper to highlight past missteps and demonstrate limitations of current approaches to ensure that future use of regression models will appropriately consider the process being modeled, which will provide clarity to model interpretation.     

Eastern Hog-Nosed Snake Habitat Selection at Multiple Spatial Scales in Ontario,Canada

Habitat loss is the greatest contributor to the decline of species globally. To prioritize protection of imperiled species, it is important to examine habitat use at multiple spatial scales because the availability of different resources and habitat features is scale dependent. We conducted a radio-telemetry study in the Long Point region of Ontario, Canada, in 2009 and 2010 to examine habitat selection at multiple spatial scales by eastern hog-nosed snakes (Heterodon platirhinos), a species at risk in Canada. We documented the habitat composition of home ranges compared to the surrounding landscape, the selection of locations within home ranges based on classified satellite imagery, and the use of microhabitat features based on site characterization in the field. At the scale of the home ranges, hog-nosed snakes avoided areas of agriculture and selected sand barrens. Within home ranges, hog-nosed snakes selectively used areas altered by humans (e.g., residential sites, openings in tree plantations). Microhabitats used by hog-nosed snakes had more woody debris, logs, and lower vegetative coverage than adjoining random sites. Because hog-nosed snakes prefer open areas and require sandy soils for nesting, management efforts should focus on the conservation and maintenance of sand barrens and patches of early successional forest. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.     

Temperature and multiple parasites combine to alter host community structure

Predicting the effects of climate change requires understanding complex interactions among multiple abiotic and biotic factors. By influencing key interactions among host species, parasites can affect community and ecosystem structuring. Yet, our understanding of how multiple parasites and abiotic factors interact to alter ecosystem structure remains limited. To empirically test the role of temperature variation and parasites in shaping communities, we used a multigenerational mesocosm experiment composed of four sympatric freshwater crustacean species (isopods and amphipods) that share up to four parasite species. Mesocosms were assigned to one of four different treatments with contrasting seasonal temperatures (normal and elevated) and parasite exposure levels (continuous and arrested (presence or absence of parasite larvae in mesocosm)). We found that parasite exposure and water temperature had interactive effects on the host community. Continuous exposure to parasites altered the community structure and differences in water temperature altered species abundance. The abundance of the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis decreased substantially when experiencing continuous parasite exposure and elevated water temperatures. Elevated temperatures also led to parasite-induced mortality in another amphipod host, Paracorophium excavatum. Contrastingly, isopod hosts were affected much less, suggesting increasing temperatures in conjunction with higher parasite exposure might increase their relative abundance in the community. Changes in invertebrate host populations have implications for other species such as fish and birds that consume crustaceans as well as having impacts on ecosystem processes, such as aquatic primary production and nutrient cycling. In light of climate change predictions, parasite exposure and rise in average temperatures may have substantial impacts on communities and ecosystems, altering ecosystem structure and dynamics.     

心肺运动试验（CPET）评价个体化精准运动整体方案强化管控心脑血管慢病疗效的临床研究*

目的: 探讨研究症状限制性极限运动心肺运动试验（CPET）评价个体化精准运动整体方案强化管控3月后（简称强化管控）的长期慢病患者整体功能的改善。方法: 选取2014年至2016年由我们团队强化管控的长期心脑血管代谢慢病为主的患者20例,签署知情同意书后完成CPET,根据CPET及连续功能学检测结果制定以个体化适度运动强度为核心的整体管理方案,强化管控3月后再行CPET,个体化分析每例患者强化管控前后CPET指标的变化、计算差值和百分差值。结果: 本研究心脑血管代谢性慢病为主的患者20例（18男2女）,年龄（55.75±10.80,26~73）岁,身高（172.20±8.63,153~190）cm,体重（76.35±15.63,53~105）kg,所有患者CPET和强化管控期间均无任何危险事件发生。①强化管控后患者静态肺功能指标及静息收缩压、心率收缩压乘积和空腹血糖等均显著改善（P<0.05）。②强化管控前峰值摄氧量为（55.60±15.69,34.37~77.45）%pred和无氧阈为（60.11±12.26,43.29~80.63）%pred;强化管控后峰值耗氧量为（71.85±21.04,42.40~102.00）%pred和无氧阈为（74.95±17.03,51.90~99.47）%pred;管控后较管控前峰值摄氧量和无氧阈显著提高分别达（29.09±7.38,17.78~41.80）%和（25.16±18.38,1.77~81.86）%（P均<0.01）;其他核心指标峰值氧脉搏、峰值负荷功率、摄氧通气效率平台和递增功率运动持续时间均显著升高（P均<0.01）,二氧化碳排出通气效率最低值及二氧化碳排出通气斜率也显著好转（P<0.01）。③个体化分析而言,强化管控后15例上述8项CPET核心指标全部改善,另5例7项指标改善;全部病例峰值摄氧量（%pred）提高>15%以上,16例>20%,13例>25%,10例>30%。结论: CPET能安全客观定量地评估人体整体功能状态和治疗效果、指导制定个体化精准运动强度。个体化精准运动整体方案强化管控三个月能安全有效逆转长期心脑血管代谢等慢病患者的整体功能状态和异常指标。     

肥厚型心肌病患者运动血压反应异常的两类表现及其相关因素分析*

目的: 运动血压反应不足及运动后恢复期血压降低是肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者常见的异常表现,本研究的目的是分析HCM患者这两类异常血压反应表现的相关因素及其与心肺运动功能的关系。方法: 回顾性研究2018年4月至2020年1月期间在阜外医院功能检测中心行心肺运动试验（CPET）的HCM患者219例。111例行CPET的性别、年龄匹配的正常体检者作为正常对照组。比较正常对照组与HCM组的CPET运动血压反应。将HCM患者分为运动血压反应正常组及运动血压反应不足组,以及运动后血压正常组及运动后恢复期血压降低组,分别比较上述两类运动血压反应异常者的临床情况及CPET功能指标。结果: 与正常对照组相比,HCM患者运动血压反应不足（8.7%比1.8%,P=0.016）及运动后恢复期血压降低（6.8%比0.0%,P=0.003）的发生率显著升高。在HCM患者中,与运动血压反应正常者相比,运动血压反应不足的HCM患者更多合并冠心病（P=0.029）、肺动脉高压（P=0.002）及房颤/房扑（P=0.036）;与运动后血压正常者相比,运动后恢复期血压下降的HCM患者静息流出道压差（P=0.017）更高,合并流出道梗阻比例（P=0.015）、合并收缩期二尖瓣前移现象（P=0.022）及左室射血分数（P=0.043）更高。经过Logistic多元回归分析,运动血压反应不足的独立相关因素为冠心病（β=1.519,P=0.013）、肺动脉高压（β=2.292, P=0.000）。而运动后恢复期血压下降仅与左室流出道压差有独立的相关性（β=0.018, P=0.005）。运动血压反应不足的HCM患者峰值摄氧量（P=0.003）、峰值心率（P=0.014）及心率储备（P=0.003）更低,NT末端B型脑钠肽前体（P=0.019）及二氧化碳通气当量斜率（P=0.000）更高。运动后恢复期血压下降与各种心肺功能指标均无相关性。结论: HCM运动血压反应不足及运动后恢复期血压降低的发生率均较正常人群显著升高。HCM患者运动血压反应不足与合并冠心病和肺动脉高压有显著的独立相关性,而运动后血压下降仅与左室流出道压差独立相关。运动血压反应不足的HCM患者心肺运动功能降低,而运动后恢复期血压降低与心肺运动功能无显著相关性。     

个体化精准运动为核心的整体康复方案对冠心病介入治疗术后患者整体功能再提高的临床研究*

目的: 探讨个体化精准运动为核心的整体康复方案对冠心病介入治疗术后患者整体功能再提高的作用。方法: 选择2016 年6 月至2019 年12 月间在北京康复医院临床诊断为冠心病稳定性心绞痛患者20 例,随机分为对照组（n=10）和运动组（n=10）。全部患者择期行冠状动脉介入治疗,术后对照组患者仅进行除运动康复之外的常规治疗指导;运动组患者进行12周个体化运动为核心的心脏康复,介入前、介入后2周、康复后12周分别评估患者标准化症状限制性极限运动的心肺运动试验（CPET）指标、心脏超声、6 min步行距离（6MWD）等。结果: 所有患者均安全无并发症完成症状限制性CPET,运动组患者完成12周全程运动康复治疗。组间比较显示,介入前和介入后2周,对照组和运动组患者CPET指标以及左心室射血分数、6MWD等均无明显差异（P>0.05）。康复12周后,运动组患者无氧阈（ml/min、ml/（min·kg））、峰值摄氧量（ml/（min·kg））、氧脉搏（ml/beat）和6MWD较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。组内比较显示,康复治疗12周后,运动组患者无氧阈（ml/min、ml/（min·kg）、%pred）、峰值摄氧量（ml/min、ml/（min·kg）、%pred）、峰值氧脉搏（ml/beat）和6MWD均较介入前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;而且与介入后2周比较,无氧阈（ml/（min·kg））和峰值摄氧量（ml/（min·kg））均明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组患者在康复12周后无氧阈（ml/min）和峰值氧脉搏（ml/beat）较介入前改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,但CPET指标与介入后2周比较无明显差异。结论: 冠状动脉介入术后进行个体化运动康复为核心的整体管理可进一步提高冠心病稳定性心绞痛患者运动心肺功能和运动耐力。运动康复是介入术后患者二级预防的重要内容,需要大量推广。     

Max试验验证症状限制心肺运动试验为最大极限运动进一步临床研究*

目的: 验证临床受试者所完成的心肺运动试验（CPET）为最大极限运动,进一步设计完善Max试验验证CPET结果客观定量功能评估的准确性及以某特定指标的特定数值作为停止运动的标准是否可行。方法: 选择2017年9月至2019年1月在阜外医院签署知情同意书后进行CPET和Max试验受试者216例。其中正常受试者41例,因CPET峰值呼吸交换率（RER）≤1.10,或运动中心率和血压不上升,对CPET极限运动结果存在质疑的临床患者175例进行研究。其中60例已初步报告,本研究进一步扩大研究。Max试验方法：完成CPET测试后,先蹬车≥60 r/min,再施加130%峰值功率的恒定功率,鼓励受试者运动至不能坚持的极限状态。计算分析Max试验30 s的最大心率和最大摄氧量、及其与峰值心率和峰值摄氧量之间的差值和百分差值。百分差值=（Max值-峰值值）/Max值× 100%。评测标准：①若心率和摄氧量任一指标的差值百分比≤-10%（Max测试的数值低于CPET峰值数据）则定义Max试验操作失败,否则为成功;2若心率和摄氧量的差值百分比均在-10%~10%,则Max试验操作成功,证明CPET数据为极限运动,CPET 峰值相关数据较为准确;③若心率和摄氧量差值任一指标差值百分比≥10%时,则Max试验操作成功,证明CPET结果为非极限运动。结果: 病例组峰值摄氧量（L/min、ml/（min·kg）、%pred）、无氧阈（L/min、ml/（min·kg）、%pred）、峰值氧脉搏（ml/beat、%pred）、峰值RER、峰值收缩压（mmHg）、峰值运动负荷（W/min）、峰值心率（bpm）、摄氧有效性峰值平台（OUEP）（比值、%pred）低于正常组,二氧化碳通气有效性平均90 s最低值（Lowest Ve/VCO₂）（比值、%pred）、二氧化碳通气效率斜率（Ve/VCO₂ Slope）（比值、%pred）高于正常组（P<0.05）。所有正常组与病例组均安全无任何事件完成CPET和Max试验。216例受试者中,Max试验成功198例（91.7%）,其中证明CPET为极限运动182例,为非极限运动16例;失败18例（8.3%）。结论: 在临床检查中,若对CPET结果是否为最大极限存在质疑,利用Max试验可验证CPET是否为极限运动。Max试验方法安全可行,值得进一步深入研究和临床推广应用。