Anti-Hepatitis A Virus Antibody Response Elicited in Mice by Different Forms of a Synthetic VP1 Peptide

Peptide VP1 (11-25) of the capsid of hepatitis A virus was synthesized by the Fmoc-polyamide solid phase method, and administered to mice in different forms: (1) free, (2) encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes, (3) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KHL), and (4) incorporated into a tetrameric branched lysine core. The highest anti-VP1 peptide responses were generated by synthetic peptides entrapped into liposomes and coupled to KLH. No anti-HAV response was generated with the free peptide, while all the other forms induced both anti-HAV and HAV-neutralizing antibodies. Maximum neutralization indices were observed in ascites from mice treated with liposome-entrapped and KLH peptides.     

Transfer and expression of the human multiple drug resistance gene as potential human gene therapy

The human multiple drug resistance (MDR) gene has been used as a model for human gene transfer which could lead to human gene therapy. MDR is a transmembrane protein which pumps a number of toxic substances out of cells including several drugs used in cancer chemotherapy. Normal bone marrow cells express low levels of MDR and are particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of these drugs. There are two general applications of MDR gene therapy: (1) to provide drug-resistance to the marrow of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and (2) as a selectable marker which when co-transferred with a non-selectable gene such as the human beta globin gene can be used to enrich the marrow for cells containing both genes. We demonstrate efficient transfer and expression of the human MDR gene in a retroviral vector into live mice and human marrow cells including CD34⁺ cells isolated from marrow and containing the bulk of human hematopoietic progenitors. MDR gene transduction corrects the sensitivity of CD34⁺ cells to taxol, an MDR drug substrate, and enriches the marrow for MDR-transduced cells. The MDR gene-containing retroviral supernatant used has been shown to be safe and free of replication-competent retrovirus. Because of the safety of the MDR retroviral supernatant, and efficient gene transfer into mouse and human marrow cells, a phase 1 clinical protocol for MDR gene transfer into cancer patients has been approved to evaluate MDR gene transfer and expression in human marrow.     

A simple and fast approach to prediction of protein secondary structure from multiply aligned sequences with accuracy above 70%.

To improve secondary structure predictions in protein sequences, the information residing in multiple sequence alignments of substituted but structurally related proteins is exploited. A database comprised of 70 protein families and a total of 2,500 sequences, some of which were aligned by tertiary structural superpositions, was used to calculate residue exchange weight matrices within alpha-helical, beta-strand, and coil substructures, respectively. Secondary structure predictions were made based on the observed residue substitutions in local regions of the multiple alignments and the largest possible associated exchange weights in each of the three matrix types. Comparison of the observed and predicted secondary structure on a per-residue basis yielded a mean accuracy of 72.2%. Individual alpha-helix, beta-strand, and coil states were respectively predicted at 66.7, and 75.8% correctness, representing a well-balanced three-state prediction. The accuracy level, verified by cross-validation through jack-knife tests on all protein families, dropped, on average, to only 70.9%, indicating the rigor of the prediction procedure. On the basis of robustness, conceptual clarity, accuracy, and executable efficiency, the method has considerable advantage, especially with its sole reliance on amino acid substitutions within structurally related proteins.     

Multiple paternity in the red-eyed treefrog Agalychnis callidryas (Cope)

DNA fingerprinting of tadpoles from two different ‘one female-two male’ matings of the red-eyed treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas, revealed multiple paternity of offspring. Offspring were assigned paternity based on bands shared with the putative father, but not shared between putative fathers or with the mother. Paternity was split 44/56% and 36/64% in two matings. These results do not support a hypothesis of sperm priority in access to unfertilized eggs by primary males. Multiple paternity may be commonplace in species of anurans with matings by multiple males.     

Why change mates?

In some wading birds (Charadrii) each adult rears a brood alone. The female leaves her first clutch with her first mate before herself rearing a clutch fertilized by a second male, who is already tending its first mate's first clutch. We here develop a simple model to account for the exchange of mates between clutches, and relate it to reported field studies. We suggest that females are attempting to be polygamous, rather than simply bigamous. Provided a female has a chance of obtaining a second, unmated male and that the costs of leaving the first male before remating are not high, matechanging will be favoured over monogamy. The implications of this model to the evolution of the more usual forms of polyandry and of male-like females are discussed.     

The O-diphenol-oxygen-oxidoreductase of Agaricus bisporus: Activity and multiple forms during ageing

Mushroom o-diphenol oxidase was separated into multiple forms by isoelectric focusing. Three major bands, as opposed to the four isoenzymes previously found, were separated over the pH range 3.5–9.5. A fourth form was obtained when the pH range was narrowed to 5.0–8.0. Changes in the enzyme activity were investigated during post-harvest ageing at different temperatures. Rapid ageing using tissue discs with or without inhibitors of protein synthesis showed that an increase in activity of the enzyme took place during this time, but was prevented by actinomycin D and 6 methyl purine.     

Fast sampling,rapid filtration apparatus: Principal characteristics and validation from studies ofd-glucose transport in human jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles

Summary Kinetic data in (brush-border) membrane vesicles which rely on the validity of the initial rate assumption for their interpretation and depend on tracer flux studies using the rapid filtration technique for their experimental measurement have been limited to some extent by the absence of techniques that would allow for real-time data analysis. In this paper, we report on our successful design of a fast sampling, rapid filtration apparatus (FSRFA) which seems to fill up this technical gap since showing the following characteristics: (i) rapid injection (5 msec) and mixing (less than 100 msec) of small amounts of vesicles (10–40 l) with an incubation medium (0.2–1.0 ml); (ii) fast (20 to 80 msec depending on the sample volume) and multiple (up to 18 samples at a maximal rate of 4/sec) sampling of the uptake mixture followed by rapid quenching in the stop solution (approximately 5 msec) according to a predetermined time schedule (any time combination from 0.25 to 9999 sec); and (iii) fast, automated, and sampling-synchronized filtration and washings of the quenched uptake medium (only 15–20 sec are necessary for the first filtration followed by two washings and extra filtrations). As demonstrated using adult human jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles and Na⁺-d-glucose cotransport as models, the FSRFA accurately reproduces the manual aspects of the rapid filtration technique while allowing for very precise initial rate determinations. Moreover, the FSRFA has also been designed to provide as much versatility as possible and, in its present version, allows for a very precise control of the incubation temperature and also permits a few efflux protocols to be performed. Finally, its modular design, which separates the fast sampling unit from the rapid filtration device, should help in extending its use to fields other than transport measurement.     

In vitro induction of multiple shoots and plant regeneration from shoot tips of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Conditions for plant regeneration from excised shoot tips of Vigna radiata were studied. Complete plants were regenerated directly without an intervening callus phase from shoot tips on basal medium (MS salts+B₅vitamins). Regeneration frequency varied with genotype, explant size and growth regulator combinations in the medium. Addition of cytokinins induced a variable amount of callus at the base of the shoot tip, followed by multiple shoot formation. Benzyladenine (BA), kinetin and zeatin at 5×10^-6 M each induced multiple shoots in 100% of the explants but the highest number of regenerants per explant (9) was produced with BA. The efficacy of BA for shoot multiplication was not improved when it was supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or indoleacetic acid (IAA). NAA or adenine sulphate, when applied alone, induced complete plantlets. The growth regulator requirement of explants for the induction of multiple shoots varied with explant size. The shoot tip explants maintained proliferation ability on subculture. None of the treatments was effective in inducing shoot bud differentiation from callus. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS basal medium and MS supplemented with either IAA or indolebutyric acid. The rooted plants were transferred to the field; 60% subsequently survived and grew.Abbreviations BM basal medium [MS (Murashige & Skoog 1962) salts+B₅ (Gamborg et al. 1968) vitamins] - BA 6-benzyladenine - AdS adenine sulphate - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA-1 naphthaleneacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid     

Infant care in a family of siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) with twin offspring at Berlin Zoo

Infant-carrying in a family group of siamangs with twin offspring was observed during a 2-week period. The twins were about 11 months old at the time of the study. One or both twins were usually carried by their father, but hardly ever by their mother. A considerable amount of infant-carrying was also contributed by the twins' juvenile brother. Helping behavior (defined as the care of offspring by individuals who are not their parents) is not normally known to occur in siamangs or other hylobatids. We suggest that the presence of multiple offspring may have facilitated the occurrence of infant-carrying exhibited by a nonparental family member. This finding may point to one of the mechanisms influencing the occurrence of helping behavior in general.     

A regression analysis of the summer population dynamics of Polyarthra vulgaris in a northern Michigan bog lake

The population dynamics of a planktonic rotifer (Polyarthra vulgaris) were examined in a brown water, acid lake in northern Michigan, U.S.A. Predation by Chaoborus punctipennis and low food (Navicula spp. and Cyclotella spp.) concentrations were the main factors limiting P. vulgaris populations of all factors examined. The data presented here support a hypothesis for zooplankton limitation by an invertebrate predator.