蔷薇科果树类受体激酶的研究进展

类受体激酶(receptor like kinase,RLK)参与调控植物几乎所有的生命活动,是植物生长发育和环境适应的“中央处理器”。该文对近年来国内外有关蔷薇科果树RLK基因鉴定、进化特征及其在各器官生长发育、非生物和生物逆境中的作用及调控机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述。蔷薇科果树基因组中存在数目庞大的RLKs,不同树种间的RLK数目和各亚家族成员数目都存在较大差异,而且蔷薇科果树RLK存在极为普遍的部分重复和串联重复现象,是导致家族成员迅速变化的重要原因。有研究发现,一些RLKs调控蔷薇科果树器官发育和对环境的适应性。在器官发育方面,LRR RLK亚家族成员调控根系发育,CrRLK1L、LysM RLK和LRR RLK亚家族部分成员参与调控果实发育,CrRLK1L亚家族成员参与调控花粉管发育,LRR RLK、LysM RLK、L LEC RLK和B Lectin RLK亚家族部分成员调控蔷薇科果树对生物逆境的适应。今后RLK功能研究可侧重于蔷薇科果树特色性状,通过提高目标基因的筛选和验证的效率,加速主效RLKs的筛选进程,并通过筛选主效RLKs诱导方式和加速分子育种进程等途径,将研究成果应用于实际生产。     

葡萄VvIQD10果形相关基因定位及其互作研究

以葡萄6个不同果形品种盛花期花序为材料,通过荧光定量PCR方法分析比较葡萄IQ67结构域(IQ67 domain, IQD)基因家族成员VvIQD10的表达;从椭圆形葡萄品种‘天山’中克隆出VvIQD10基因编码区序列,对其进行生物信息学分析,采用亚细胞定位瞬时表达载体转化烟草的方法研究VvIQD10蛋白在细胞中的分布情况,并通过酵母双杂交实验和双分子荧光互补试验进行蛋白互作研究。结果表明:(1)VvIQD10基因在长果形葡萄品种中的表达量高于近圆形葡萄品种。(2)VvIQD10基因开放阅读框长度为1 401 bp,编码466个氨基酸。(3)VvIQD10蛋白为不稳定亲水性蛋白,无信号肽和跨膜区,但含保守的IQ67结构域,主要结构为α螺旋和随机卷曲,与猕猴桃IQD家族成员(PSS09955.1)亲缘关系最为接近。(4)VvIQD10蛋白主要定位于微管和质膜,并且直接与细胞骨架组织相关蛋白——钙调素类蛋白(VvCML)相互作用。研究认为,VvIQD10基因可能参与葡萄果形调控,葡萄VvCML蛋白从胞质到微管的募集依赖于VvIQD10,推测VvIQD10蛋白可能通过和钙调素类蛋白相结合来调控细胞骨架运动,进而参与葡萄果实形状的变化。     

First fossil evidence of Palaeocarya (Engelhardioideae: Juglandaceae) from India and its biogeographical implications

Even though presently indigenous to eastern Himalaya in India, no Engelhardioideae have been reported from the Cenozoic sediments of India till date. Here, we report the first Indian occurrence of a characteristic engelhardioid winged samaroid fruit having a tri-lobed wing (oblong-ovate median lobe and two lateral lobes) and a globose nut from the latest Neogene (Pliocene: Rajdanda Formation) sediments of Chotanagpur Plateau, eastern India. This is the first fossil evidence of relict family Juglandaceae from the Indian Cenozoic. We determine its taxonomic position on the basis of detailed macromorphological comparison with similar extant and fossil specimens and discuss its palaeoclimatic significance in terms of the present-day distribution of modern analogous species. We assign this Pliocene winged fruit specimen to the morphogenus Palaeocarya sect. Monocosta Manchester and describe it as a new species, namely Palaeocarya indica Hazra, Hazra M & Khan sp. nov. Palaeocarya sect. Monocosta has rich fossil records from the Cenozoic sediments of Europe, North America, and eastern Asia (China, Korea), but the modern analog, Engelhardia, is presently native only to India and neighboring Southeast Asia. We discuss the possible causes of disappearance of Engelhardia from the present-day vegetation of Chotanagpur Plateau. Its disappearance may be related to the gradual intensification of monsoonal rainfall seasonality since the Pliocene. Here, we also review in detail the biogeographic history of Palaeocarya sect. Monocosta and suggest its possible migration routes.     

云南及周边地区野菜和野果资源

本文是根据“云南及周边地区生物资源调查”项目的系统调查结果汇总的。云南及周边地区野菜和野果资源,指的是该地区栽培蔬菜、果树及其野生近缘植物之外的可食的野菜和野果。云南及周边地区是多个少数民族聚居区,各少数民族都有采食野菜和野果的习俗,并且在长期采食野菜和野果中,积累了丰富的食用方法。本文介绍云南及周边地区的野菜和野果,旨在为深入研究和开发利用这些资源,并为国家制定野生植物保护有关政策提供基础数据和信息。     

川明参果实发育过程中解剖结构的变化

对伞形科(Apiaceae)中国特有单型属种类川明参（Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan）幼果发育阶段（包含幼果期Ⅰ、幼果期Ⅱ和幼果期Ⅲ）、中果发育阶段（包含中果期Ⅰ、中果期Ⅱ和中果期Ⅲ）和熟果发育阶段（包含熟果期Ⅰ、熟果期Ⅱ和熟果期Ⅲ）果实横切面的解剖结构进行了比较观察。观察结果表明,川明参果实在果壁细胞层数和形态、果棱和维管束、油管、胚乳以及分生果横切面大小和形状等特征均有明显的变化。川明参分生果果壁由厚变薄且外果壁、中果壁细胞形态发生变化,内果壁细胞消失;果实中油管分布在果实的背面、侧面和合生面,油管不断向外扩大,在成熟果实中油管往往皱缩。川明参果实中胚乳逐渐增大,从近球形变化为桃形、肾形直至月牙形,背部呈山丘状隆起;分生果横切面的形状由近五边状圆形变化至梭形,背腹极度压扁。通过对果实发育形态解剖观察发现,果实发育前期,果形的变化主要依靠维管束的发育,从而造成果棱的改变,来改变果实外部结构。到了熟果期,胚乳显现,形体变大,它的形状变化开始改变分生果的外部形态,并且影响较为显著。     

西藏及其东南地区被子植物与其不同生活型的果实类型分析

统计了分布在西藏自治区的被子植物及各生活型果实的类型及比例,并与藏东南地区做了比较。结果如下,西藏自治区果实以蒴果为主(占37.74%),其次为瘦果、坚果、浆果等;干果的比例远远大于肉果;不同生活型的果实类型谱差异较大,乔木中核果的比例最高,藤本中浆果比例最高,灌木中瘦果比例最高,草本中蒴果占优势;4个生活型中,肉果的比例乔木为最高,其次为藤本、灌木、草本。藏东南地区植物的果实类型也以蒴果为主,其次为瘦果、浆果、核果等;藏东南乔木中核果比例最高,藤本中浆果比例最高,灌木和草本植物以蒴果占优势;乔木肉果的比例最高,其次为藤本、灌木、草本。藏东南肉果比例大于全藏区,而干果比例则相反。果实类型的这些性状特征与各自的环境相适应,是植物长期适应自然环境的进化结果,该研究对于理解植物果实对生态环境的长期适应进化具有一定的意义。     

The res (restored cell structure by salinity) tomato mutant reveals the role of the DEAD-box RNA helicase SlDEAD39 in plant development and salt response

Increasing evidences highlight the importance of DEAD-box RNA helicases in plant development and stress responses. In a previous study, we characterized the tomato res mutant (restored cell structure by salinity), showing chlorosis and development alterations that reverted under salt-stress conditions. Map-based cloning demonstrates that RES gene encodes SlDEAD39, a chloroplast-targeted DEAD-box RNA helicase. Constitutive expression of SlDEAD39 complements the res mutation, while the silencing lines had a similar phenotype than res mutant, which is also reverted under salinity. Functional analysis of res mutant proved SlDEAD39 is involved in the in vivo processing of the chloroplast, 23S rRNA, at the hidden break-B site, a feature also supported by in vitro binding experiments of the protein. In addition, our results show that other genes coding for chloroplast-targeted DEAD-box proteins are induced by salt-stress, which might explain the rescue of the res mutant phenotype. Interestingly, salinity restored the phenotype of res adult plants by increasing their sugar content and fruit yield. Together, these results propose an unprecedented role of a DEAD-box RNA helicase in regulating plant development and stress response through the proper ribosome and chloroplast functioning, which, in turn, represents a potential target to improve salt tolerance in tomato crops.     

Identification and characterization of ten new water gaps in seeds and fruits with physical dormancy and classification of water-gap complexes

Background and Aims

Physical dormancy (PY) occurs in seeds or fruits of 18 angiosperm families and is caused by a water-impermeable palisade cell layer(s) in seed or fruit coats. Prior to germination, the seed or fruit coat of species with PY must become permeable in order to imbibe water. Breaking of PY involves formation of a small opening(s) (water gap) in a morpho-anatomically specialized area in seeds or fruits known as the water-gap complex. Twelve different water-gap regions in seven families have previously been characterized. However, the water-gap regions had not been characterized in Cucurbitaceae; clade Cladrastis of Fabaceae; subfamilies Bombacoideae, Brownlowioideae and Bythnerioideae of Malvaceae; Nelumbonaceae; subfamily Sapindoideae of Sapindaceae; Rhamnaceae; or Surianaceae. The primary aims of this study were to identify and describe the water gaps of these taxa and to classify all the known water-gap regions based on their morpho-anatomical features.

Methods

Physical dormancy in 15 species was broken by exposing seeds or fruits to wet or dry heat under laboratory conditions. Water-gap regions of fruits and seeds were identified and characterized by use of microtome sectioning, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dye tracking and blocking experiments.

Key Results

Ten new water-gap regions were identified in seven different families, and two previously hypothesized regions were confirmed. Water-gap complexes consist of (1) an opening that forms after PY is broken; (2) a specialized structure that occludes the gap; and (3) associated specialized tissues. In some species, more than one opening is involved in the initial imbibition of water.

Conclusions

Based on morpho-anatomical features, three basic water-gap complexes (Types-I, -II and -III) were identified in species with PY in 16 families. Depending on the number of openings involved in initial imbibition, the water-gap complexes were sub-divided into simple and compound. The proposed classification system enables understanding of the relationships between the water-gap complexes of taxonomically unrelated species with PY.