Evolution of insect-plant relationships — a devil''s advocate approach

Most hypotheses concerning the evolution of insect-plant relationships are based on the assumptions that, (1) phytophagous insects reduce plant fitness, and that (2) insect-plant relationships are the result of unconstrained selection. It can be shown, however, that there is little evidence to support these assumptions. As an alternative, it is proposed that the evolution of insect-plant relationships results primarily from autonomous evolutionary events; namely from heritable functional changes within the insects' nervous system that determine plant recognition and ultimately host plant specificity. These changes cannot be evoked by selective ecological agents. They originate from intrinsic changes (mutationssensu lato) within the insect genome. Ecological factors play a secondary role: by either supporting or preventing the establishment of the new genotype with the novel food preference. This paper has been dedicated in warm friendship to Professor Louis M. Schoonhoven, the leading scientist in sensory physiology of phytophagous insects, on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

西方蜜蜂不同类型杂交子代形态指标的测定及杂种优势分析

“浙农大 1号”意蜂Apismelliferaligustica (Ea)与喀尼鄂拉蜂A .melliferacarnica (K)、卡尔巴阡蜂A .melliferacarpatica (C)、高加索蜂A .melliferacaucasica(G)、乌克兰蜂A .melliferaacervorum(W)、东北黑蜂A .melliferaspp .(D)分别进行正反杂交试验 ,测定其杂交 1代的吻长、背板 3 +4长、蜡镜面积、跗节指数、右后足胫节长、花粉筐面积、翅钩数、肘脉指数、翅膀面积等 9项形态指标。分析与经济性状密切相关的吻长、背板 3 +4长、蜡镜面积、花粉筐面积、翅膀面积等形态指标的杂种优势率 ,发现吻长、背板 3 +4长、蜡镜面积、花粉筐面积、翅膀面积的较佳杂交组合分别是D(♂ )×Ea(♀ )、Ea(♂ )×C(♀ )、K(♂ )×Ea(♀ )、Ea(♂ )×K(♀ )和Ea(♂ )×K(♀ ) ,其杂种优势率分别为 1 47%,4 79%,2 6 5 7%,1 0 88%和4 97%,并对这些杂交组合在养蜂生产上的利用价值做了初步分析     

中国沙拐枣属植物的数值分类研究

选择了中国19种沙拐枣属（CalligonumL.)植物,共测定及引用了35个形态分类指标,应用单因素方差分析（MANOVA）和主成分分析（PCA）,分别对形态因子进行了单元和多元分析。结果表明,所有的种间形态指标均差异显著,冠幅（BC）,木质枝枝节长度（LKWB）,果实直径（DF）,雄蕊长度（SL）,同化枝枝节长度（LKAS）和同化枝化枝角度（ARAS）指标在沙拐枣属植物的数值分类上,具有很强的差异性分析意义。依据平方欧氏距离,应用类平均法（UPGMA）将19种沙拐枣植物聚为5类,系统聚类结论与主成分分析的三维排序结果基本一致,与传统的形态分类结果有一定的差异。     

亚磁空间生物学效应研究的实验系统

直径2 m的补偿式亚磁空间中,内置非铁磁性智能化多功能实验箱系统,箱内温控范围20~40℃,精度0.1℃,过温报警,湿度可控范围40%~80%,通风和光照任意。箱内中央空间(长×宽×高=66.0 cm ×40.0 cm ×28.3 cm)中,80%、15%和5%的位点剩余磁场分别平均为地磁场的0.5%~0.6%、1.3%~1.5%和2.7%~4.2%。箱内中央空间的高度为43.0 cm时,55%、35%和10%的位点剩余磁场分别平均为地磁场的1.9%、2.3%和3.3%。可用于多种生物学效应的观察和研究。     

Morphological differentiation in Carduelis finches: Adaptive vs. constraint models

In this study we show that morphological diversification in the avian genus Carduelis (Carduelinae) has to a large extent been conservative. Using multivariate methods, we found only minor deviations from the common (ancestral) body-plan. In particular, variation in bill morphology was found to be more conservative than variation in other parts of the body. We argue that constraint models of population differentiation can successfully account for the variation in bill morphology in this genus, but are less successful in accounting for variation in other traits. This can be interpreted as a result of long-term overall stabilizing selection for a certain bill morphology which is related to the way the birds open seeds. A trait combination that is adaptive on the evolutionary time scale may thus act as a constraint on changes in bill morphology on the microevolutionary scale. We conclude that the most parsimonious explanation for low divergence in bill morphology in this genus is that all species have retained the ancestral bill morphology. This may mean that each species chooses its environment rather than being moulded by it. This argument seems to apply to bill morphology, but other traits studied in this genus appear to have evolved in a less constrained fashion. A new index of morphometric integration is introduced to describe covariance structures.     

钟形斑褶菇的生理特性和子实体的培养研究

首次报道了钟形褶菇的苗种分离、菌丝体生理特性和栽培技术。钟形斑褶菇菌丝具有明显的锁状联合。菌丝生长适宜的温度是１０～４０℃,最适为２０～２５℃;适宜的ｐＨ范围是４．５～１３,最适为６～８．５;培养料适宜的含水量为４５％～７５％,最适为６５％～７０％;最佳的Ｃ源是：淀粉、蔗糖、纤维素;酵母粉、干酪素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵为最佳氮源。麦芽、麸皮、松针、干平菇、小麦、牛粪等天然材料的热水提取物对菌丝生长有利。子实体形成的温度范围为 ２０～３５℃,最适宜的温度范围应为２４～３０℃,正常的出菇季节为４～９月;最适宜的空气相对湿度应为７０％～８５％;子实体具有向光性、负向地性。栽培出菇的培养料为牛粪粉、草粉、麸皮及食用菌栽培的废料。瓶、袋栽均可,干物质生物学效率２％～５％。新鲜木屑、棉籽壳不适宜菌丝生长和出菇。说明该菌是草腐生菌物。子实体可直接在培养料上形成,出菇不需要覆刺激。     

细纹豆芫菁和大斑芫菁的性行为

本文对细纹豆芫菁EpicautamannerheimiM kl和大斑芫菁MylabrisphalerataPallas的求偶和交配过程进行了描述。列举了芫菁亚科 5族 1 3属 3 4种芫菁的性行为 ,并讨论了雄成虫在形态构造上对求偶和交配行为的适应性行为。     

Static and dynamic approaches to landscape heterogeneity in the Hungarian forest‐steppe zone

Abstract. This paper describes the successional status of the vegetation in a clear‐felled dry oak woodland at the edge of the Hungarian forest‐steppe zone on the basis of a vegetation map. Due to a varied geomorphology of the colline landscape several so‐called landscape units can be distinguished. The patchwork on the vegetation map is evaluated using several, morphology‐based attributes (static morphological indices) traditionally applied in landscape ecology. In the ca. 100 years that elapsed since forest clear‐cut, xeric grassland species and steppe elements became more abundant and the former xeromesophilous vegetation – containing even some woodland components – is slowly turning into xeric grassland communities. The vegetation units mapped can be arranged into a hypothetical succession scheme in which successional distances (the number of steps between two stages) are determined. Based on the distances thus obtained, a new dynamic morphological index is introduced. This is applied to each landscape unit for the dynamic evaluation of successional vegetation, its results being compared with those obtained by static morphological indices.     

水稻空间诱变恢复系杂种优势测定试验初报

利用返回式科学卫星搭载水稻一晚明恢63、外七、湘哥和粳稻北K15等纯系干种子,由于空间环境条件的综合作用,使空间诱变的品种均产生了变异。从诱变后代的突变体中选育出对三系籼型不育系具有恢复能力的强恢复系明恢63、无恢复能力的籼稻外七、湘哥和粳稻北K15。同时选出早熟强恢复系SP40098、具有育性恢复能力的SP40115、SP40037、SP50025等恢复系突变体。结果说明,空间诱变既可改良现有恢复系,又可创造新恢复系。具恢复能力的突变体能遗传重现。 Abstract：Pure seeds of rice varieties including Minghui 63,Wa i qi,Xiangge and Bei K 15（Japanica rice）,were carried into space by retrieve d satellite, and under space condition, mutation took place in all the s eed above mentioned. From these mutants, new restorer lines Minghui 63 with r estoring ability to the sterile line of three-line indica hybrid rice had be en developed, and other early restorers SP40098,SP40115,SP40037 and SP50025 ha ve also been selected from the mutants of Indica rice Waiqi,Xiangge,and Ja panica rice Bei K 15.The results indicated that space mutagenesis can n ot only improve existing restorers,also create new restorers.In addition,thei r restoring ability can be stably inherited.     

氧敏感蛋白空间晶体生长的研究

为适应固氮酶蛋白等厌氧蛋白质空间晶体生长的要求,应在地面用简易而适用的厌氧加样装置以优化这类蛋白的结晶条件。用塑料袋或简易箱代替固氮酶实验室常用的笨重厌氧箱,获得了缺失nifZ因氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann）突变种的MoFe蛋白和含锰固氮培养基中生物的UW3的MnFe蛋白晶体,并在远离固氮酶实验室的地方,使用由小仪器塑料袋和急求用的氩气袋组成的更轻便的厌氧装置,用坐滴法也能使这两种蛋白结晶出来。结果表明,利用上述简易厌氧装置有望达到以上2种厌氧蛋白空间晶体生长的要求。