卫矛科沟瓣属与卫矛属的数量分类学研究

卫矛属(Euonymus L.)和沟瓣属(Glyptopetalum Thw.)的系统关系长期以来备受争议,为理清它们之间的关系,该研究选择沟瓣属12种、卫矛属17种和假卫矛属(Microtropis Wall.ex Meisn.)2种,共计31个分类单元(OTUs),测量并统计了56个形态性状,同时利用聚类分析(UP...     

罗汉松雄球花及其雄配子体发育的形态结构

该研究采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,观察罗汉松雄球花、小孢子及其配子体发育过程的形态结构特征,以揭示罗汉松小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育规律,为罗汉松的生殖和杂交组合提供胚胎学证据。结果发现：(1)罗汉松花芽于每年的7月开始分化,至次年5月花粉成熟散粉,雄球花由单生的卵圆形转为2～3个葇荑花序并生,小孢子叶螺旋状着生于圆柱状的花序轴上,每一小孢子叶远轴面基部并列着生2个小孢子囊。(2)小孢子囊壁发育过程中由外及里出现各由1层薄壁细胞组成的表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,至散粉前,后两者基本被分解吸收。(3)同一小孢子囊内的造孢细胞发育在时间上存在差异,小孢子母细胞减数分裂后形成的四分体有四面体型和十字交叉型两种排列方式,成熟的雄配子体包括生殖细胞和粉管细胞,发育过程中出现的第一和第二原叶细胞大部分被分解消失。(4)电镜下罗汉松花粉粒为典型的松花型花粉,两侧各具1个气囊,远极面具一萌发沟,花粉粒表面具纹理或皱褶。     

平原就读的藏族与汉族腹型肥胖大学生心肺功能比较研究

目的:探讨腹型肥胖对平原就读藏汉族大学生心肺功能影响的差异研究。方法:选取在校男性大学生96人,依照BMI和WC分类标准,分为藏族腹型肥胖组(TA)、藏族对照组(TC)、汉族腹型肥胖组(HA)、汉族对照组(HC)各24名。使用心脏彩色多普勒超声检查仪检测超声心动图,检测心脏结构和AV、PV、MVE、MVA、TVE、TVA等心功能指标。检测VC、FVC、FEV1、PEF、MMF、MVV等肺功能指标。检测身体形态学,血液和脂肪肝状况等基础指标。结果:腹型肥胖对血压的影响：与TC组相比,TA组SBP显著增加(P<0.01);与HC组相比,HA组SBP和DBP均显著增加(P<0.01,P<0.05)。腹型肥胖对心功能的负性影响：与TC组相比,TA组AV和PV显著减慢(P均<0.01);与HC组相比,HA组IVSA显著增大(P<0.05)。腹型肥胖对肺功能的负性影响：与TC组相比,TA组MMF和肺活量/体重水平显著降低(P<0.05);与HC组相比,HA组FEV1、FEV1%、PEF、MMF、MVV、MVV%和肺活量/体重水平均显著降低(P均<0.05)...     

Genetic analysis of mutations that alter cell fates in maize leaves: Dominant Liguleless mutations

The three major components of the maize leaf are the blade, the sheath, and at their junction, the ligular region. Each exhibits specific cell types and organization. Four dominant Liguleless (Lg) mutations (Lg3-O, Lg4-O, Lg*347, and Lg*9167) in at least three different genes cause a similar morphological phenotype in leaves, although each mutation affects a distinct domain of the blade. Mutant leaves display regions of altered cell fate in the blade, occompanied by elimination of ligule and auricle at their wild-type positions and development of ligule and auricle in the blade at the borders of the altered regions. The affected blade cells are transformed into sheath-like cells, as determined by morphological and genetic tests. Lg4-O expressivity is highly dependent on genetic background. For example, two different backgrounds may specify converse patterns of phenotypic expression. Lg4-O expressivity is also affected by the heterochronic mutation Teopod2 (Tp2). Gene dosage experiments indicate that Lg4-O is a neomorph. Interactions between recessive lg mutations (which eliminate ligular structures) and the dominant Lg mutations suggest that the lg⁺ genes act after the Lg mutations. Lg3-O and Lg4-O act semidominantly, and interact with each other and with other mutations in the Knotted1 (Kn1)-like family (a family in which dominant mutant alleles cause blade to sheath transformation phenotypes). These interactions suggest that the above Kn1-like mutations may function similarly in the leaf. We discuss the similarities between the Lg mutations and the other mutations of the Kn1-like family, which led us to postulate that lg3 and lg4 are members of a growing family of kn1-like (knox) homeobox genes that are identified by dominant mutant alleles causing leaf transformation phenotypes. We also propose that certain key characteristics of this family of dominant neomorphic mutations are important for generating meaningful morphological changes during evolution. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

4种槭树叶功能性状及其关系对季节变化的响应

以牡丹江地区的白牛槭（Acer mandshuricum）、茶条槭（Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala.）、糖槭（Acer saccharum）、五角槭（Acer pictum subsp. mono）4种槭树为研究对象,分别于春季、夏季和秋季进行取样,测定叶片性状指标（叶厚度、气孔长度、气孔宽度、气孔密度、叶脉密度、比叶面积及色素质量分数）,分析叶片各性状的季节变化趋势,并探讨色素与叶性状间在不同季节下的关系。结果如下（：1）4种槭树均表现为在夏季具有较高的叶厚度、较低的比叶面积和气孔密度,在秋季具较高的比叶面积和叶脉密度、较低的叶厚度。（2）4种槭树均为在夏季有较高的叶绿素a、b,在秋季色素质量分数均降低,季节变化区间分别为叶绿素a 77.40%～98.80%,叶绿素b 85.60%～99.53%,类胡萝卜素4.29%～78.52%。（3）色素与叶性状关系密切,季节动态下色素与比叶面积、气孔密度、叶脉密度正相关,与叶厚度、气孔长度、气孔宽度负相关（P<0.05）,但不同季节相关性略有差异。4种彩叶植物的叶片在应对不同季节的气候条件时形成了不同的构建策略...     

Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans in the human colonic tumor cell line Caco-2: structural changes occurring with the morphological differentiation of the cells

The human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 cultured in vitro displayed morphological differentiation which was shown to be a growth-related event. We have investigated this phenomenon further in relation to the cell surface glycosaminoglycans produced by growing (5-day, i.e., prior to differentiation) and confluent (9-day, i.e., after morphological and functional differentiation) cultures. Neosynthesized [35S]glycosaminoglycans were purified on DEAE-cellulose; at confluency, they were bound more strongly to the column than the corresponding fractions from the growing cells. Analysis of Kav values of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates from growing and confluent cells indicated an increase in chain length of both glycosaminoglycans in morphologically differentiated cells. Heparan sulfate was the main 35S-labeled glycosaminoglycan of the cell surface of both 5-day and 9-day cultures. Paper chromatography of the unsaturated disaccharides obtained by chondroitinase digestion showed that chondroitin sulfate chains were primarily 6-sulfated in the 2 studied extracts. Heparan sulfate chains were isolated as chondroitinase-resistant material and treated with nitrous acid. Analysis of N- and O-sulfate group-related radioactivity showed an increase in the amount of 35S-label in the form of N-sulfate groups and an increase in the O-35S-sulfation pattern in heparan sulfate from morphologically differentiated cells. Thus, the structural features of both chondroitin sulfates and heparan sulfate were significantly different when the growing cells became morphologically differentiated.     

Cytology and taxonomy of Coptis teeta Wall.(Ranunculaceae)

Cytological investigations of 13 natural populations of Coptis teeta indicated that the species has a somatic number of 18 chromosomes which form nine homomorphic pairs. The species did not possess any supernumerary chromosomes. The chromosome number, size and morphology were similar in all populationS. Based on the taxonomic studies the 13 natural populations are grouped into two well-defined subspecies, teeta and lohitensis, for which a key is provided.     

鸡腿蘑胞外多糖的形貌结构及分子量动态变化与抗氧化的相关性研究

对鸡腿蘑多糖的结构进行检测,并在此基础上探讨结构与活性的关系,对深度发掘鸡腿蘑多糖的功效具有重要意义.制备发酵时间为72 h、96 h和120 h的鸡腿蘑胞外粗多糖,采用PMP柱前衍生化-HPLC法分析其单糖组成,结果表明发酵72 h、96 h和120 h胞外多糖均由D-甘露糖、L-鼠李糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-...     

Species delimitation and hybridization history of a hazel species complex

Background and AimsHybridization increases species adaptation and biodiversity but also obscures species boundaries. In this study, species delimitation and hybridization history were examined within one Chinese hazel species complex (Corylus chinensis–Corylus fargesii). Two species including four varieties have already been described for this complex, with overlapping distributions.MethodsA total of 322 trees from 44 populations of these four varieties across their ranges were sampled for morphological and molecular analyses. Climatic datasets based on 108 geographical locations were used to evaluate their niche differentiations. Flowering phenology was also observed for two co-occurring species or varieties.Key ResultsFour statistically different phenotypic clusters were revealed, but these clusters were highly inconsistent with the traditional taxonomic groups. All the clusters showed statistically distinct niches, with complete or partial geographical isolation. Only two clusters displayed a distributional overlap, but they had distinct flowering phenologies at the site where they co-occurred. Population-level evidence based on the genotypes of ten simple sequence repeat loci supported four phenotypic clusters. In addition, one cluster was shown to have an admixed genetic composition derived from the other three clusters through repeated historical hybridizations.ConclusionsBased on our new evidence, it is better to treat the four clusters identified here as four independent species. One of them was shown to have an admixed genetic composition derived from the other three through repeated historical hybridizations. This study highlights the importance of applying integrative and statistical methods to infer species delimitations and hybridization history. Such a protocol should be adopted widely for future taxonomic studies.     

Integration, phylogeny, and the hominid cranial base

Basicranial features were examined in catarrhine primates and early hominids in order to demonstrate how information about morphological integration can be incorporated into phylogenetic analysis. Hypotheses purporting to explain the functional and structural relationships of basicranial characters were tested using factor analysis. Characters found to be functionally or structurally related to each other were then further examined in order to determine whether there was evidence that they were phylogenetically independent. If phylogenetic independence could not be demonstrated, then the characters were presumed to be integrated and were grouped into a complex. That complex was then treated as if it were a single character for the purposes of cladistic analysis. Factor analysis revealed that five basicranial features may be structurally related to relative brain size in hominoids. Depending on how one defines phylogenetic independence, as few as two, or as many as all of those characters might be morphologically integrated. A cladistic analysis of early hominids based on basicranial features revealed that the use of integrated complexes had a substantial effect on the phylogenetic position of Australopithecus africanus, a species whose relationships are poorly resolved. Moreover, the use of complexes also had an effect on reanalyses of certain published cladistic data sets, implying that those studies might have been biased by patterns of basicranial integration. These results demonstrate that patterns of morphological integration need to be considered carefully in all morphology-based cladistic analyses, regardless of taxon or anatomical focus. However, an important caveat is that the functional and structural hypotheses tested here predicted much higher degrees of integration than were observed. This result warns strongly that hypotheses of integration must be tested before they can be adequately employed in phylogenetic analysis. The uncritical acceptance of an untested hypothesis of integration is likely to be as disruptive to a cladistic analysis as when integration is ignored.